Ndiye ndachitha iiyure ezininzi kakhulu ukufunda amaphepha amhlophe kunye spec sheets malungaukugcinwa kwamandla. Kwaye nantsi into endiyiqiqileyo: yonke inkangeleko yomhlaba imdaka kwaye inika umdla ngakumbi kunamanqaku amaninzi enza ivakale.
Wonke umntu uthetha ngeebhetri. Kwanele{1}zikho kuyo yonke indawo ngoku. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwamandla? Yincoko enkulu kakhulu leyo. Sithetha ngayo yonke into ukusuka kumadama amakhulu amanzi ahleli phezu kweentaba ukuya kutsho kujikelezo lwentsimbi kumagumbi okufunxa. Ezinye zezi teknoloji bezikhona ukusukela oko ootatomkhulu bakho{5}}babengabantwana. Ezinye zikhona kakhulu kwiilebhu nakwimiboniso yePowerPoint.
Makhe ndikuhambise kwinto elapha phandle.
Ihashe Elidala Lomsebenzi Akukho mntu Uthetha Ngalo
Ugcino lwe-hydro olumponthiweyo. Izandi ziyadika, akunjalo? Amadama amabini akwimiphakamo eyahlukeneyo, ezinye iiinjini zomoya, amanzi aqukuqela enyuka esehla. I-physics elula.
Kodwa nantsi into-obu buchwepheshe "buyadikayo" bulawula malunga ne-95% yayo yonke igridi{2}}isikali sogcino lwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele. Amashumi alithoba{4} anesihlanu ekhulwini. Xa abantu bexoxa ngeekhemistri zebhetri kwaye bephikisana malunga ne-lithium ngokuchasene nesodium, i-hydro pumped yenze nje ngokuzolileyo umsebenzi wayo ngasemva.
Ingqikelelo iphantse yabangela iintloni. Xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi (ngokuqhelekileyo ebusuku, okanye xa ilanga ligqats’ ubhobhoyi yaye iipaneli zelanga zikrazula), umpompa amanzi anyukele phezulu kwidama. Xa amaxabiso enyuka okanye efuna ukunyuka, uvumela amanzi ukuba abuyele ezantsi ngee turbines. Ukusebenza kujikeleza malunga ne-70-85%, engagqibelelanga, kodwa umthamo wogcino mkhulu. Sithetha ngoncedo olunokugcina igigawatt{7}}iiyure zamandla. Hayi megawatt{9}}iiyure. Gigawatt{11}}iiyure. Zama ukwenza oko nge-lithium-ion.
Ewe, kukho ukubamba. Ufuna ijografi. Udinga amadama amabini. Udinga umahluko ochanekileyo wokuphakama. Awunako kanye ukwakha enye yezi Kansas. Imvume yokusingqongileyo iyodwa ithatha iminyaka. Kwaye iindleko zangaphambili? Ngeenkwenkwezi. Kodwa xa sele zakhiwe, ezi zityalo ziqhuba iminyaka engama-50, engama-60, ngamanye amaxesha engama-80. Indawo yaseBath County eVirginia ibisebenza ukusukela ngo-1985 kwaye ayibonisi zimpawu zokuyeka.
Umoya oxiniweyo: Indlela ephantsi komhlaba
Ugcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo (CAES) ngumzala ongaqhelekanga we-hydro. Endaweni yokuhambisa amanzi, ucinezela umoya ungene kwimiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba-kwizindlu zetyuwa, imimandla yerhasi yendalo ephelelweyo, i-aquifers, naluphi na ukwakheka kobume bomhlaba okwenzekayo ukuba kufumaneke.
Ngexesha lokuphumla{{0} kweeyure eziphakamileyo, iicompressor zombane zityhala umoya kwezi zithuba ziphantsi komhlaba ngoxinzelelo olunokwenza iindlebe zakho ziphume zicinge nje ngazo. Xa ufuna amandla, umoya oxinzelelweyo uyakhululwa, ufudunyezwe (ngokuqhelekileyo ngerhasi yendalo, engeyiyo-kalo-inxalenye eluhlaza), kwaye utyhutyhe iiinjini zomoya.
Zimbini kuphela izityalo ze-CAES zorhwebo ezisebenzayo ngoku. Mbini. Enye eJamani ebisebenza ukusukela ngo-1978, kwaye enye e-Alabama ukusukela ngo-1991. Itekhnoloji isebenza, ngokucacileyo. Kodwa iimfuno zejoloji zingqongqo, kwaye uqoqosho alukabhalwanga ngepensile kwiindawo ezininzi. Kusenjalo, abaphandi bahlala besebenza kwiinguqulelo ezikwizinga eliphezulu{6}}iinkqubo ze-adiabatic ezibamba kwaye ziphinde zisebenzise ubushushu obusuka kuxinzelelo, ukuphelisa imfuno yerhasi yendalo. Ezi zikhona ikakhulu kwiiprojekthi zolingo okwangoku.
IiFlywheels: Ubuhle beMechanical obusulungekileyo
Ndiyakuvuma-i-flywheels yeyona nto ndiyithandayo. Kukho into entle ngokugcina amandla njengentshukumo ejikelezayo.
Inkqubo ye-flywheel yi-rotor enzima ejikelezayo kwigumbi le-vacuum, ixhonywe ngeebheringi zemagneti ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana. Xa unombane ogqithisileyo, iimotor zijikeleza i-flywheel ngokukhawuleza. Xa ufuna umva wamandla, loo bunzima bujikelezayo buqhuba ijenereyitha. Ifiziksi icocekile, iyaqondakala.
IiFlywheels zigqwesa kwizinto ezithiywayo ziibhetri: intlawulo ekhawulezayo-imijikelo yokukhupha, izigidi zemijikelo kubomi babo bonke, amaxesha okuphendula ngoko nangoko alinganiswa ngeemilliseconds. Zilungile kulawulo lwefrikhwensi{2}}ezo zincinci, zilungelelaniswa rhoqo igridi idinga ukuhlala izinzile kanye kuma-60 Hz (okanye ama-50 Hz, kuxhomekeka kwindawo ohlala kuyo).
Yintoni abangayiphathi kakuhle? Ukugcina amandla ixesha elide. Nokuba ngezona bheringi zemagnethi zingcono kwaye kufutshane{1}}nevacuums ezigqibeleleyo, iiflywheels zilahlekelwa ngamandla kukukhuhlane ngokuhamba kwexesha. Shiya usuku olunye kwaye uphulukene nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yamandla akho agciniweyo. Yiyeke iveki kwaye, ke, ungakhathazeki.
Ngoko ke ii-flywheels zihlala kwindawo ethile: ixesha elifutshane-ubude,{1}usetyenziso lwamandla aphezulu. Amaziko eenkcukacha awasebenzisa njengamandla ebhulorho ngexesha lemizuzwana embalwa ezithatha ijenereyitha zedizili ukukhaba. Ezinye iinkqubo zothutho zibuyisela amandla okuqhobosha abe ngamavili empukane kwaye ziwakhuphele kuloliwe wesithathu ngemizuzwana. I-NASA idlale nabo kwiziphekepheke.
Iibhetri: Udidi Wonke umntu eneneni ulukhathalele
Kulungile, masithethe ngeebhetri. Iinketho ze-electrochemical ziye zaqhuma kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo iyadideka.
Lithium-ionilawula incoko ngesizathu esivakalayo. Ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kuthetha ukugcinwa okuninzi kwindawo encinci. Ubomi bomjikelo onesidima, ngakumbi ngeekhemistri ezintsha. Iindleko ziye zehla-nje, zehle nge-90% ukusukela ngo-2010 uhlobo lokuhla. Ifowuni yakho, ilaptop yakho, izithuthi zombane, kunye nokwanda, ukugcinwa kwegridi zonke zisebenza kwiiyantlukwano ze-lithium{7}} ion.
Kodwa "i-lithium-iyoni" ayonto enye. Lusapho. ILithium iron phosphate (LFP) incama uxinaniso lwamandla ukhuseleko olungcono kunye nobomi obude-akukho cobalt, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ngokweenqobo zokuziphatha kunye noqoqosho. Abavelisi baseTshayina bangene-bonke kwi-LFP, kwaye ngoku iyathatha. Ngeli xesha, i-nickel-manganese{8}}cobalt (NMC) ipakisha amandla amaninzi ngekhilogram nganye, okubalulekileyo xa uzama ukunika imoto yombane uluhlu olundilisekileyo.
Icala elimnyama le-lithium-iyoni? Ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Ezi bhetri zinokutsha ngendlela emangalisayo ukuba zonakele, zitshajiswe kakhulu, okanye zilishwa. Ukuvelisa ngamandla{3}}amandla. Iikhonkco zokubonelela nge-lithium kunye ne-cobalt zinemithwalo yazo yokuziphatha. Kwaye ngelixa iziseko zokusetyenziswa ngokutsha ziphucuka, uninzi lweebhetri ezichithiweyo zisaphelela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma.
Iibhetri ezihambayothatha indlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Esikhundleni sokugcina amandla kwii-electrode eziqinileyo, zisebenzisa i-electrolyte engamanzi kumatanki angaphandle. Ngaba ufuna amandla amaninzi? Fumana amatanki amakhulu. Amandla kunye namandla adityaniswa, nto leyo etshintsha yonke ifilosofi yoyilo.
Iibhetri zokuhamba kwe-Vanadium redox (i-VRFBs) yeyona nguqulelo ikhulileyo. Zihlala ngonaphakade{1}sithetha 15,000 ukuya 20,000 imijikelo, mhlawumbi ngaphezulu. Akukho kuthotywa kukukhutshwa okunzulu. I-electrolyte ayigugi; imane ihla isiya ngapha nangapha kwisitaki seseli. Iminyaka engamashumi amabini{9}isihlanu, ungakhupha i-electrolyte, uyithumele kwenye indawo, kwaye uqhubeke uyisebenzisa.
Kodwa iibhetri zombane zininzi. Uxinaniso lwamandla asezantsi luthetha ukuba akukho ngqiqo kwizithuthi okanye kwizicelo eziphathwayo. I-vanadium nayo ayibizi. Kwigridi-yesikali sogcino apho unyawo lwenyawo lungenamsebenzi kwaye luphila ixesha elide? Ziya zithandeka ngakumbi.
Lead{{0}asidiyibhetri egcwalisekayo yoqobo, ayitshintshanga ukusukela ngo-1859. Imoto yakho iqala ngenye. Zixabiso eliphantsi,{2}}ziqondwa kakuhle, kwaye 98% zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Kodwa ubomi bomjikelo buphakathi, ukuxinana kwamandla akulunganga, kwaye banzima. Kwizicelo zegridi, ziye zathatyathelwa indawo ubukhulu becala, kodwa zisalawula kwiinkqubo zamandla ezigcinayo apho iindleko zibaluleke ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into.
Isodium -iyoningumntu omtsha ufumana ingqalelo enzulu. Isodium ikuyo yonke indawo-ingokoqobo kumanzi olwandle-ngoko ke iinkxalabo zonikezelo lwekhonkco ziyaphela. Inkqubo yokwenziwa ingaphinda isebenzise izixhobo zefektri ye-lithium{4}}ekhoyo. Ukusebenza akukabikho kumanqanaba e-lithium{6}}iion okwangoku, kodwa ivala umsantsa ngokukhawuleza. I-CATL iqale imveliso ngobuninzi ngo-2023. Kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu, i-sodium{9}}iyoni inokuvelisa isabelo esinzima semarike sogcino olumileyo.
Ndifanele ukukhankanyanickel{0}}cadmium(isasetyenziswa kwezinye izicelo zamashishini, nangona i-cadmium inetyhefu kwaye i-EU iyithintele),nickel{0}}metal hydride(khumbula iPrius ngaphambi kokuba ihambe i-lithium?), Kwayeisodiyam{{0}isulfure({0}}iinkqubo zobushushu obuphezulu iinkampani zaseJapan ezizityhale ngamandla ngeminyaka yoo-2000s). Kodwa ngeli xesha ndidwelisa izinto ukuze ndizidwelise. Inyani esebenzayo yeyokuba i-lithium-iion kunye neebhetri zokuhamba kulapho isenzo sikhoyo, kunye ne-sodium{5}}iion eza ngokukhawuleza.
Ugcino lweThermal: Ubushushu njengebhetri
Nalu udidi olungafumani ngqalelo ngokwaneleyo: ukugcina amandla njengobushushu (okanye ukubanda).
Ukugcinwa kwetyuwa etyhidiweyoyindlela ezisebenza ngayo izixhobo zombane welanga ebusuku. Izipili zigxininisa ukukhanya kwelanga kwinqaba, ukufudumeza ityuwa etyhidiweyo ukuya kwi-500-600 degree. Loo tyuwa igcinwa kumatanki agqunyiweyo, kwaye xa ufuna umbane, uwusebenzisela ukwenza umphunga kunye nokuqhuba iturbine. Isityalo seGemasolar eSpain sinokuvelisa amandla kwiiyure ze-15 emva kokutshona kwelanga. Iindunduma zeCrescent eNevada zibamba ubushushu obaneleyo kangangeeyure ezili-10 zesizukulwana.
Into epholileyo ngetyuwa etyhidiweyo kukuba ukugcina ubushushu kutshiphu. Ixabiso eliphantsi ngekWh nganye kuneebhetri. -into epholileyo kuhambo oluya{3}}lokubuya{4}}ulahlekelwa kakhulu kuguqulo ukusuka kubushushu ukuya kumbane kunye nokubuya.
Ukugcinwa komkhenkceI-thermal ilingana nexesha-lokutshintsha. Izakhiwo zorhwebo zikhenkceza amanzi ngobusuku bonke xa amaxabiso ombane ephantsi, emva koko sebenzisa loo mkhenkce ukubonelela ngemeko yomoya ngexesha leeyure zasemva kwemini. Ayiyonto intle, kodwa iyasebenza. Ihlabathi leDisney liyayisebenzisa. Izakhiwo ezininzi zeeofisi kwiindawo ezishushu ziyayisebenzisa. Ngokusisiseko usebenzisa umkhenkce njengebhetri kwimfuno yokupholisa.
Kukho neekhonsepthi ezintsha:Iibhetri zeCarnotezigcina umbane njengobushushu kwaye ziwubuyisele umva zisebenzisa iinjini zobushushu, iitanki zamanzi ashushu ngelo xesha-zifudumeza ubushushu bombane, ugcino lwe-thermal lwamaxesha onyaka kwindawo yonke. Indalo eshushu ngokumangalisayo inzulu ngokumangalisayo.
IHydrojeni: Ikhadi lasendle
Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-Hydrogen kunabaxhasi abanomdla kunye nabagxeki abaqatha, kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo, bobabini banamanqaku afanelekileyo.
Isibheno silula: sebenzisa umbane ohlaziyekayo ogqithisileyo ukwahlula amanzi kwi-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen (i-electrolysis). Gcina i-hydrogen. Xa ufuna amandla, yiqhube kwi-fuel cell okanye uyitshise kwi-injini yomoya. IHydrojeni inokugcina izixa ezikhulu zamandla ixesha elide kakhulu-iiveki, iinyanga, namaxesha onyaka.
Ukugxekwa kulula ngokulinganayo: uhambo oluya{0}}lokubuya luyoyikeka. Ulahlekelwa yi-30% kwi-electrolysis. Ulahlekelwa ngakumbi kuxinzelelo okanye ukunyibilikisa. Ulahlekelwa ngakumbi kukuguqulela kumbane. Ukuphela-ukuya{7}}ekupheleni, usenokufumana 30-40% yamandla akho oqobo emva. Thelekisa oko ukuya kwi-85-90% ye-lithium-ion.
Ngoko xa i-hydrogen yenza ingqiqo? Xa ufuna ukugcina izixa ezikhulu ngokwenene zamandla ixesha elide. Xa ukhupha inkqubo yemizi-mveliso efuna ubushushu obuphezulu. Xa ufuna isithwala amandla esinokuthuthwa imigama emide. Xa ezinye iinketho ngokoqobo zingakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi.
IJamani ibheje kakhulu kwi-hydrogen. Kukwanjalo ke neJapan. IOstreliya yakha iziseko ezingundoqo zokuthumela ngaphandle ukuthumela ihydrogen eluhlaza ukuya eAsia. Ukuba olu bhejo luyahlawula kuxhomekeke kumaxabiso ezehla ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iibhetri ziphucuka{3}}kwaye iibhetri ziphucuka ngokukhawuleza.
Izinto eziPhambili-eziMfutshane{1}Zexesha
Ii-Supercapacitorsgcina amandla ngokwe-electrostatic kune-electrochemically. Bangahlawulisa kwaye bakhuphe phantse kwangoko, baphathe izigidi zemijikelo, kwaye babonelele ngoxinzelelo lwamandla ahlekisayo. Into abangakwaziyo ukuyenza kukugcina amandla amaninzi. Ibhanki ye-supercapacitor elingana nesingxobo sokuthumela inqanawa inokugcina ukuba yintoni ipakethe yebhetri elingana nesutikheyisi.
Indawo yabo emnandi kukugqabhuka okungaphezulu-kugqabhuko olufutshane: ukuvuselela iziqhoboshi kwiisistim zohambo, ukugudisa unikezelo lwamandla kufakelo oluhlaziyekayo, ukubonelela ngesahlulo{1}}sesibini samandla esifunwa yi-UPS phambi kokuba iibhetri zithathe indawo.
Superconducting ukugcinwa kwamandla kazibuthe(SMES) iqhelekile ngakumbi. Gcina amandla kwindawo yamagnetic eyenziwe yi-superconducting coil epholileyo kumaqondo obushushu e-cryogenic. Kufuphi{2}}impendulo ekhawulezileyo, akukho kuthotywa, ubomi bomjikelo obungenasiphelo. Kodwa iindleko kunye nobunzima bokugcina amaqondo obushushu obuphezulu bugcine i-SMES kwizicelo ze-niche{4}ubukhulu becala ubulunga bamandla kwiilaphu ze-semiconductor kunye nezinye izibonelelo apho kwanokomzuzwana ombane we-voltage sags kubiza izigidi.
Ugcino lomxhuzulane: Imbono entsha endala
Olunye udidi olufanele ukukhankanywa: umxhuzulane{0}inkqubo esekwe kwi-hydro.
I-Energy Vaultyakha iinkqubo zecrane ezipakisha kwaye zikhuphe iibhloko ezinkulu zekonkrithi. Phakamisa iibhloko xa amandla exabiso liphantsi, zehlise ngokusebenzisa iijenereyitha xa ufuna amandla. Impontshwa nge-hydro ngaphandle kwamanzi, ngokusisiseko.
Ezinye iinkampani zihlola imigodi eshiyiweyo{0}}enobunzima obusezantsi ezantsi kweshaft, zinyuse umva. Okanye injongo -yokwakha iinqaba. Okanye iikhonsepthi ezibandakanya iikhareji zikaloliwe ezilayishwe ngamatye kwiindlela ezithambekileyo.
Ijuri lisaphumile malunga nokuba ezi zingakhuphisana na ngokwezoqoqosho. Uxinzelelo lwamandla ogcino lomxhuzulane lusezantsi ngokwendalo{1}}udinga ubunzima obuninzi kunye nobude ukuze ugcine amandla anentsingiselo. Kodwa abaxhasi baxoxa ukuba ukusebenzisa imathiriyeli exabiso liphantsi (ikhonkrithi, igrabile) kunye noomatshini abalula banokubetha iibhetri kwixabiso lexesha elide{3}}usetyenziso.
Yintoni Eyona nto ibalulekileyo?
Ukuba ufunde oku kude, unokuba uyazibuza: yeyiphi iteknoloji ephumelelayo?
Umbuzo ongalunganga.
Ugcino lwamandla aluphumeleli-thatha{1}}zonke iimarike. Ubuchwephesha obahlukeneyo buhambelana nee-niches ezahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kubude bexesha, ixesha lokuphendula, indawo, ubume beendleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Ngaba ufuna ukulawulwa rhoqo kwii-milliseconds? IiFlywheels okanye iibhetri. Ngaba ufuna iiyure ezine ze-backup yesityalo selanga? Lithium-iyoni okanye iibhetri eziqukuqelayo. Ngaba ufuna ukutshintsha intsalela enokuphinda ihlaziyeke ngamaxesha athile onyaka? Mhlawumbi i-hydrogen, okanye i-hydro pumped ukuba ijografi iyavuma. Ngaba ufuna ukupholisa isakhiwo ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu? Ukugcinwa komkhenkce.
Igridi yexesha elizayo ayizukusebenza kwiteknoloji enye yokugcina. Iza kumaleko iitekhnoloji ezininzi-ii-supercapacitors zokuphendula ngoko nangoko, iibhetri kangangemizuzu ukuya kwiiyure, impompe ye-hydro yebhayisekile yemihla ngemihla, i-hydrogen okanye i-thermal ixesha elide. Indawo nganye ekubude bexesha iya kuzaliswa yiyo nayiphi na itekhnoloji ebonelela ngoqoqosho olungcono kweso sicelo.
Inxalenye enika umdla kukuba iindleko ziwela phantse kuzo zonke ezi ndidi. I-Lithium{1}}ixabiso lebhetri ye-ion liyekile. Ii-electrolyzers zilandela igophe lokufunda elifanayo. Imveliso yebhetri ephumayo iyenyuka. Nkqu i-hydro pumped ibona izinto ezintsha kunye neenkqubo ezivaliweyo{5}}ezijikelezileyo kunye namadama angaphantsi komhlaba.
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, akukho nanye kwezi ebonakala iqhuba kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho. Ngoku? Ugcino lelona candelo{1}}elikhula ngokukhawuleza lecandelo lamandla.