A lithium -ibhetri ye-ionibhetri ehlaziywayo esebenzisa izinto ezimbini ezikwazi ukufaka ukuguqulwa kunye nokuqhawula i-lithium ion njenge-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-negative, ngokulandelanayo. Ngexesha lokutshaja, ii-athomu ze-lithium kwi-electrode efanelekileyo ionize kwi-ion ze-lithium kunye nee-electron zamahhala.
Ezi ion ze-lithium zifudukela kwi-electrode engalunganga kwaye zidibanise nee-electron zamahhala apho zenze ii-athomu ze-lithium. Ngokuchasene noko, ngexesha lokukhutshwa, iiathom ze-lithium kwi-electrode engalunganga ziphinda zibe yi-lithium ion kunye nee-electron zamahhala, kwaye ziphinde zihlangane kwi-electrode ephilileyo ukuze zenze iiathom ze-lithium kwakhona. Ngoko ke, kuwo wonke umjikelo -wokukhupha, i-lithium isoloko ikhona kwimo ye-ionic kwaye ingaze ibe kwimo yesinyithi ye-lithium, yiyo loo nto olu hlobo lwebhetri lubizwa ngokuba yi-lithium - yebhetri ye-ion. Ngokusekwe kuyilo olwahlukileyo, ezona bhetri ze-lithium - zixhaphakile kwintengiso ziiseli zepouch, iiseli zesilinda, kunye neeseli zamaqhosha. Izinto ze-electrode ezintle ze-lithium -iibhetri zeion zidla ngokuba yi-lithium{8}}ikhompawundi etyebileyo, efana ne-LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNiO, kunye ne-LiMnzO2. Imathiriyeli ye-electrode engalunganga yeebhetri ze-lithium{12}}zisekwe kakhulu kwigraphite. Ngokumalunga ne-electrolyte, izisombululo ze-lithium salts ezithile (ezifana ne-LiPF6, i-LiASF6, kunye ne-LiCIO4) ezichithwe kwii-solvents eziphilayo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Ezi zinyibilikisi ziphilayo zingayi-ethylene carbonate (EC) okanye idiethyl carbonate (DEC), njl. Le nkqubo ichazwa ngokufuziselayo “njengebhetri yesitulo esingcangcazelayo,” njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo ungezantsi.
Ukuthatha iibhetri ze-lithium - ze-ion kunye ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) njenge-electrode efanelekileyo kunye negraphite njenge-electrode engalunganga njengomzekelo, ukubonakaliswa kwayo kwe-electrochemical yile: (-) CI LiPF (EC + DEC) / LiCoO2 (+).
Ukusabela okulungileyo kwe-electrode:
Ukusabela kwe-electrode engalunganga: 5.2
Ukusabela kukonke:5.3
Enyanisweni, ibhetri ye-lithium -inokujongwa njengesixhobo esisebenza ngokusekwe kumahluko kuxinzelelo lwe-lithium{1}} Ngexesha lokutshaja, ii-ion ze-lithium zikhutshwa kwizinto ezi-positive electrode, zidlule kwi-electrolyte, kwaye zibethelele kwi-negative electrode imathiriyeli, isenza i-electrode negative lithium-ityebe ngelixa i-electrode ephozithivu xa ithelekiswa ne-lithium{4}}imbi. Ngaxeshanye, ukugcina ibhalansi yentlawulo yenkqubo yonke, ii-electron ezihambelanayo zinikezelwa kwikhabhoni{6}}esekelwe kwi-electrode negative ngokusebenzisa isekethe yangaphandle. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngexesha lokukhutshwa, ii-ion ze-lithium zifuduka ukusuka kwi-electrode engalunganga ukuya kwi-electrode echanekileyo, ebangela ukuba i-electrode ephilileyo ibe yi-lithium{8}}ecebileyo. Ngesiqhelo, ngexesha lesiqhelo -lomjikelo wokukhupha, ii-ion ze-lithium ziphinda zibethelele kwaye zitsalwe phakathi kwemathiriyeli yekhabhoni elelelweyo kunye neeoxides. Le nkqubo ibonakalisa ngokuyinhloko njengotshintsho kwisithuba se-interlayer kwaye ayiphazamisi isiseko sekristale isakhiwo sezinto. Ke ngoko, ngokwembono yokubuyela umva, utshintsho lwekhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhetri ye-lithium{13}}ithathwa njengeyona nkqubo ilungele ukubuyiselwa umva. Ibhetri ye-lithium{15}}yeyon iquka izinto ezine ezisisiseko: i-electrode, i-electrolyte, isahluli, kunye ne-casing. I-electrode licandelo eliphambili le-lithium{17}}yebhetri ye-ion, equka izinto ezisebenzayo, ii-agent eziqhubayo, izibophelelo, kunye nabaqokeleli bangoku. Izinto ezisebenzayo (okanye imathiriyeli ye-electrode) zizinto ze-electrode kwi-lithium{19}}ibhetri zeion ezikhupha amandla ombane ngokusabela kwe-electrochemical ngexesha lokutshaja nokukhupha. Bamisela ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical kunye neempawu ezisisiseko ze-lithium -ibhetri ze-ion. Izinto ezisebenzayo ziquka izinto ezintle ze-electrode kunye nezixhobo ze-electrode ezimbi. Izinto ze-electrode ezi-positive ubukhulu becala zikhompawundi zentsimbi ezidityanisiweyo ezinomgubo ophezulu kakhulu (ngokunxulumene ne-lithium metal electrode), ezifana neLiCoO₂, LiMnO₄, LiNi₁{24}}x{25}}x{25}}Co:MnyO₂, LiCo:Ni{26}}O₂, kunye neLiFe, kunye neLiFe.
Izinto ezimbi ze-electrode ziquka izinto zekhabhoni, izinto ze-alloy, kunye nezixhobo ze-oxide yensimbi. Okwangoku, izinto eziphambili kunye ne-electrode engundoqo ye-lithium -ibhetri ye-ion esetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo eziphathekayo yi-LiCoO₂ kunye negraphite, ngokulandelanayo. Ukongeza, ii-agent conductive (ezifana ne-acetylene emnyama) zivame ukudityaniswa ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-electrode ukuphucula ukuqhutyelwa kwezinto ezilungileyo kunye ne-negative electrode ukuze zihlangabezane kakuhle neemfuno zesicelo se-lithium{3}}ibhetri ye-ion. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ze-electrode ze-granular ezintle kunye ne-negative kunye ne-conductive agents zibambelela ngokuqinileyo kumqokeleli wangoku, i-binder iyongezwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Izibophelelo eziqhelekileyo zihlelwa njenge-oyile{6}esekelwe namanzi{7}esekwe. I-oyile -izibophelelo ezisekwe ikakhulu ziquka i-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) kunye ne-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ngelixa izibophelelo ezisekwe emanzini ziyi-carboxymethyl cellulose/styrene{11}}irabha yebutadiene (CMC/SBR). Umsebenzi oyintloko womqokeleli wangoku kukuqhuba i-electrons kwizinto ezisebenzayo kunye nokusabalalisa okwangoku ngokulinganayo, ngelixa likwaxhasa izinto ezisebenzayo. Abaqokeleli bangoku bafuneka ngokubanzi ukuba babe namandla omatshini aphezulu, uzinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali, kunye nokuhanjiswa okuphezulu. Umqokeleli wangoku we-electrode efanelekileyo yi-aluminium foil, kwaye umqokeleli wangoku we-electrode engafanelekanga yi-foil yobhedu.
Indima ye-electrolyte kukuqhuba i-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwee-electrodes ezintle kunye nezibi. Ukukhetha i-electrolyte ubukhulu becala kumisela umthetho-siseko wokusebenza kwebhetri kwaye kuchaphazela amandla ayo athile, ukusebenza kokhuseleko, ukusebenza komjikelo, ukusebenza kwesantya, ukusebenza{1}} kobushushu obuphantsi, kunye nokusebenza kogcino. Okwangoku, iibhetri ze-lithium ezifumanekayo kurhwebo -ze-ion ikakhulu zisebenzisa i-non{4}}i-aqueous electrolyte systems, eziquka izinyibilikisi ze-organic kunye neetyuwa ze-lithium. I-solvent ye-organic iyona nxalenye ephambili ye-electrolyte kwaye ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokusebenza kwayo; ngokuqhelekileyo ngumxube wezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezifana ne-ethylene carbonate, i-propylene carbonate, i-dimethyl carbonate, kunye ne-methyl ethyl carbonate. Ityuwa ye-lithium eqhubayo inika i-ion ze-lithium ezihanjiswa phakathi kwe-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-negative kwaye iqulethwe yi-inorganic or organic anions kunye ne-lithium ion. Okwangoku, eyona tyuwa ikhoyo yorhwebo ye-lithium yi-LiPF6. Kwixesha elitsha, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical ye-lithium -ibhetri ze-ion kunye nokufezekisa imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo, izongezo ezisebenzayo, ezifana ne-flame retardants, zihlala zongezwa kwi-electrolyte.
Kuyilo lwebhetri ye-lithium -, isahluli sifumaneka phakathi kwee-electrode ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, kwaye umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuthintela ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwee-electrode ezimbini, ngaloo ndlela uphepha iisekethe ezimfutshane. Ngaxeshanye, isakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-microporous salo mbandela sivumela i-lithium ion ukuba idlule ngokukhululekile. Ngoko ke, ukusebenzisa{3}umgangatho ophezulu isahluli kunokuphucula ngokubonakalayo ukusebenza kwayo yonke i-electrochemical yebhetri. Okwangoku, ezona ntlobo zezahluli zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike ziphezulu-iifilimu zamandla ezenziwe ngepololefin, kubandakanywa neemveliso ezinamanzi ezenziwe ngepolypropylene kunye nepolyethylene, kunye neemveliso ezenziwe nge-copolymerization yepropylene kunye ne-ethylene okanye kusetyenziswa i-polyethylene homopolymer yodwa. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinga{7}}izinyibilikisi ezinamanzi kwiibhetri ze-lithium{8}}zikhokelela kwi-lithium esezantsi{9}}i-ion conductivity, ngoko ifuna indawo enkulu ye-electrode. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo lwenxeba{11} olujikelezayo ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwebhetri kuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kwebhetri akuxhomekeke kuphela kwii-electrode ngokwazo kodwa nakwizibophelelo ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni ibhetri. Ezi zibophelelo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukufana kunye nokukhuseleka kwezinto ezisebenzayo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-electrode, ukudibanisa ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezisebenzayo kumqokeleli wangoku, uququzelele ukubunjwa kwe-SEI ekhuselekileyo (eqinile{13}}i-clectrolyte interphase) ifilimu kwi-graphite anode, igcine ukuzinza okwaneleyo kwe-thermal ngexesha lokumisa, kwaye ifakwe ngokufanelekileyo i-electrolyte.
Isingxobo sangaphandle sisikhongozeli sebhetri ye-lithium{0}}yoion. Izingxobo ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ziquka iicasings zentsimbi, iicasings ze-aluminiyam, kunye ne-aluminiyam -i-casings yeplastiki ehlanganisiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-casing iyadingeka ukuba imelane notshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu neliphantsi kunye ne-corrosion evela kwi-electrolyte.