Enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zokusebenza zeiibhetri zokugcina amandlakukukhupha kwabo ukusebenza. Ukubonakalisa ukuziphatha kokukhutshwa kwebhetri phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa i-curve yokukhupha ibhetri, ngokuqhelekileyo ijika elibonisa utshintsho lombane wokukhupha ngexesha. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha zibonakaliswe ngamaqhinga okukhutshwa, kwaye izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha ziza kubangela iingqungquthela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha. Iindlela zokukhupha ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka indlela yokukhupha, ukukhupha ngoku, i-voltage yokuphelisa, kunye nobushushu be-ambient.
Indlela yokukhupha
Kukho iindlela ezintathu ibhetri enokukhupha ngayo: ukukhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo ngoku, ukukhutshwa okungapheliyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamandla rhoqo. Iingqungquthela zokukhutshwa eziqhelekileyo ziboniswa kuMzobo 1-5, obonisa utshintsho kwi-discharge current, i-voltage, kunye namandla ngaphezu kwexesha lokukhutshwa phantsi kwezi ndlela zintathu zokukhupha.
Ngexesha lokukhutshwa okuthe rhoqo-okuchasayo, amandla ombane okusebenza ebhetri kunye nokuphuma kwangoku kuhla kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokufanayo, phantsi kokukhutshwa rhoqo - kwangoku, amandla ombane osebenzayo nawo ayancipha njengoko inkqubo yokukhupha iqhubeka. Oku kuncipha kwe-voltage yokusebenza kunye nexesha elide lokukhupha ngenxa yokunyuka kwebhetri yangaphakathi. Ngaphaya koko, ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla ebhetri kwizixhobo zombane, izithuthi zombane, kunye nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ukukhutshwa kombane rhoqo {{5}kuye kuxhaphaka. Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwamandla rhoqo {{7}, amandla ombane ebhetri ahlala ehla ngelixa i-discharge yangoku ikhula ngokuqhubekayo njengoko ukukhutshwa kuqhubeka.
Ukukhupha okwangoku
Ngexesha lokusebenza kwebhetri, yangoku eyikhuphayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-dicharge current. Ukukhutshwa kwangoku kukwabizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuba yizinga lokukhupha, kwaye lidla ngokubonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa ireyithi yeyure (eyaziwa ngokuba yireyithi yeyure) kunye ne-multiplier.
Izinga lokukhupha libhekiselele kwisantya ekhutshwa ngaso ibhetri, esilinganiswa ngexesha lokukhupha. Ngokukodwa, lixesha elifunekayo ukukhulula ngokupheleleyo umthamo webhetri usebenzisa umsinga othile wokukhupha, odla ngokuchazwa kwiiyure (h). Umzekelo, kwibhetri enomthamo olinganisiweyo we-10 amp-iiyure (A·h), ukuba ikhutshwe ngomsinga we-2A, umlinganiselo wokukhupha ohambelanayo ziiyure ezi-5 (10A·h/2A=5h), okuthetha ukuba ibhetri ikhupha ngesantya seyure ezi-5.
Umyinge wokukhupha ubhekisa kwixabiso langoku, elichazwa njengophindaphindo lobungakanani bebhetri obukalwayo, xa umthamo opheleleyo webhetri ukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elithile. Umzekelo, ukukhutshwa kwe-2C kuthetha ukukhupha kwangoku kuphindwe kabini umthamo olinganisiweyo webhetri, odla ngokumelwa yi-2C (apho u-C emele umthamo webhetri olinganisiweyo). Kwibhetri enomthamo olinganisiweyo we-10A·h, ukukhutshwa kwe-2C (kukho umba we-dimensional apha, oko kukuthi, iiyunithi zamandla kunye nezangoku azifani, kodwa oku kukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, ngoko akuyi kutshintshwa) kuthetha ukukhupha ngoku ngu-2 x 10=20 (A), ehambelana nesantya sokukhupha i-0.5h. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye noyilo lweebhetri zinokuguquguquka okungafaniyo kwiimeko zokukhupha: ezinye zifaneleka ngakumbi ukukhutshwa okuphantsi{12} kwangoku, ngelixa ezinye ziqhuba ngcono kwimisinga ephezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amazinga okukhupha ngaphantsi okanye alingana ne-0.5C abizwa ngokuba ngamanani aphantsi; ezo ziphakathi kwe-0.5C kunye ne-3.5C zibizwa ngokuba ngamaqondo aphakathi; ezo ziphakathi kwe-3.5C kunye ne-7C zibizwa ngokuba ngamazinga aphezulu; kwaye ezo zingaphaya kwe-7C zibizwa ngokuba ngamazinga aphezulu{20} aphezulu.
Ukuphelisa amandla ombane
Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwebhetri, ixabiso lokuqala lombane lichazwa njengesiqalo sokusebenza kombane; xa i-voltage yehla isiya kumgubasi apho ukukhutshwa okungaphezulu kungasafanelekanga, le ndawo yombane ibizwa ngokuba yi-termination voltage. Ixabiso elithile lalo mbane wokupheliswa lidla ngokusetwa ngumvavanyi ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zangempela zovavanyo kunye namava adlulileyo.
I-voltage yokuphelisa isethi iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha kunye neempembelelo zabo kumthamo webhetri kunye nobomi. Amandla ombane asezantsi okuphelisa aqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphantsi zobushushu-kwimeko-bume zobushushu okanye phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu{{2} zokukhutshelwa ngoku, ngeli lixa amandla ombane aphezulu okuphelisa aqhele ukusetwa phantsi{3}kweemeko zangoku zokukhupha. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-polarization phakathi kwee-electrodes zebhetri yonyuka kakhulu ngexesha eliphantsi-lobushushu okanye eliphezulu{6}lokuphuma ngoku, okukhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okungaphelelanga kwezinto ezisebenzayo kunye nokuhla kwamandla ombane ngokukhawuleza. Ke ngoko, ukuthoba ngokufanelekileyo i-voltage yokuphelisa kunceda ukukhulula amandla amaninzi. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa usebenzisa{9}}ukukhutshwa okuphantsi, izinto ezisebenzayo kwibhetri zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Kule meko, ukonyusa ivoltheji yokuphelisa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okunzulu kunokwandisa ngokufanelekileyo ubomi bebhetri bubonke.
Ubushushu obugciniwe
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1-6, ukushisa kwe-ambient kunempembelelo enkulu kwi-curve yokukhupha. Kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ijika lokukhupha libonisa ukuthambekela okuthambileyo; nangona kunjalo, njengoko iqondo lobushushu liyancipha, olu tshintsho luba lukhulu kakhulu. Isizathu esisisiseko kukuba kwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, izinga lokufuduka kwe-ion liyancipha, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-ohmic ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukuba ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu, i-electrolyte inokukhenkceka, ngaloo ndlela ithintele inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwebhetri eqhelekileyo. Ngapha koko, kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, i-electrochemical polarization kunye ne-concentration polarization iyaphuculwa ngokuhambelanayo, iqhubela phambili isantya sokubola kwegophe lokukhupha.
Umfanekiso 1{1}}6 Ukukhupha iigophe zeebhetri ze-lead-asidi kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo.
Umthamo kunye nomthamo othile
Umthamo webhetri ubhekisa kumthamo wombane onokufunyanwa kwibhetri phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhupha. Iyunithi iqhele ukubonakaliswa njenge-ampere{1}}yure (Ah). Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yokwenyani, umthamo webhetri unokwahlulwa ngakumbi kumthamo wethiyori, umthamo wokwenyani, kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo.
Umthamo wethiyori (Co) ubhekisa kumthamo wombane onokubonelelwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo xa izinto ezisebenzayo zithatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwi-electrochemical reaction yebhetri. Eli xabiso libalwa ngokusekelwe kubunzima bezinto ezisebenzayo, ngokulandela umthetho kaFaraday. Umthetho kaFaraday uthi kukho ubudlelwane obuchanekileyo phakathi kobunzima bezinto ezithatha inxaxheba ekuphenduleni kwi-electrode kunye nemali yentlawulo eyidluliselayo; xa i-1 mol yezinto ezisebenzayo ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-electrochemical yebhetri, inokukhulula intlawulo elingana ne-26.8 A · h okanye i-1 farad (F). Ke ngoko, le fomula yokubala ilandelayo ikhona:
Kwifomula, m bubunzima bezinto ezisebenzayo xa isabela ngokupheleleyo; n linani leelektroni ezifunyenweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo ngexesha lokusabela kokuhamba; kunye ne-M bubunzima bemola yento esebenzayo.
Kwifomula, i-K ibizwa ngokuba yi-electrochemical equivalent ye-substance esebenzayo.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-equation (1.5), umthamo wethiyori we-electrode uhambelana nobuninzi bezinto ezisebenzayo kunye ne-electrochemical equivalent. Ngobunzima obufanayo bezinto ezisebenzayo, encinci i-electrochemical equivalent, inkulu i-theory umthamo. Ukulingana kwe-electrochemical kwezinye izinto ze-electrode kuboniswe kwiThebhile 1-3.
Itheyibhile 1-3 i-Electrochemical Equivalents kwezinye izinto ze-Electrode
| Izinto ze-Electrode ezimbi | Ubuninzi (g/cm³) | Umthamo Othe ngqo (mA·h/g) | Izinto eziphathekayo ze-Electrode | Ubuninzi (g/cm³) | Umthamo Othe ngqo (mA·h/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | I-SOCl₂ | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | AgO | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO₂ | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO₂ | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag₂O | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li)Cl₂ | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO₂ | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Ukongeza, iikhonsepthi zamandla okwenene kunye nomthamo olinganisiweyo zihlala zisetyenziswa. Umthamo okhoyo ubhekisa kwisixa esipheleleyo sombane ibhetri enokubonelela ngawo phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhupha. Amandla okwenene anqunyelwe kungekuphela nje ngexabiso eliphezulu lethiyori kodwa nangeemeko ezithile zokukhupha.
Umthamo olinganisiweyo, kwelinye icala, ngumgangatho omiselweyo webhetri ngexesha loyilo kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa; oko kukuthi, umthamo osezantsi wemveliso ekufuneka ibhetri iwufumane phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo zokukhupha, ezaziwa ngokuba ngumthamo wegama.
Xa kuthelekiswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri kuthotho olufanayo, umthamo othile uqhele ukusetyenziswa kuvavanyo. Ngokukodwa, umthamo othile ubhekisa kumthamo wombane ibhetri enokubonelela ngeyunithi ubunzima okanye umthamo, oko kukuthi, umthamo othe ngqo wobunzima (Ah/kg) kunye nomthamo othile wevolumetric (Ah/L). Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba xa ubala ubunzima kunye nomthamo webhetri, ngaphezu kokuqwalasela izinto ze-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte, ezinye iinxalenye zebhetri kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, ezifana ne-casing, i-separator, kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo. Ngokukodwa kwiibhetri zokugcina kunye neeseli zepetroli, ubunzima obupheleleyo kunye nomthamo nazo zibandakanya zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezincedisayo, njengamatanki okugcina ulwelo, izixhobo zokusebenza (ukwenzela iibhetri zokugcina), okanye ukugcinwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela, iinkqubo zokulawula, iiyunithi zokufudumeza, njl.
Ngokuzisa ingcamango yomthamo othile, sinokuthelekisa ukusebenza kweebhetri zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu. Umthamo webhetri wahlulwe kumthamo wethiyori kunye nomthamo wangempela; ngokuhambelanayo, umthamo othile nawo unemiba yethiyori kunye neyenyani.
Amandla kunye namandla athile
Amandla ebhetri abhekisa kumandla ombane ewonke ekhutshwa yibhetri xa isenza umsebenzi phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhupha, ezivezwa ngokubanzi kwiiwatt-iiyure (W·h). Amandla ebhetri nawo anawo amandla engcingane kunye namandla angawo.
Ukucinga ukuba ibhetri ihlala ikwi-equilibrium ngexesha lokukhupha kwaye i-voltage yayo yokukhupha ihlala ilingana namandla ayo e-electromotive, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba zonke izinto ezisebenzayo zithatha inxaxheba kwi-chemical reaction, ngoko ke amandla anikezelwa yibhetri kufuneka alingane ne-theory yayo ephezulu yamandla Wo.
Amandla angqiqweni ebhetri ngowona-umsebenzi ophezulu ongengomthamo wevolumu owenziwa yibhetri phantsi kobushushu obungaguqukiyo, uxinzelelo olungagungqiyo, kunye neemeko zokukhupha ezibuyiselwa umva.
Amandla oqobo (W) abhekisa kumandla abonelelwa yibhetri phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhupha. Ithathwa ngokwamanani ngokuphindaphinda amandla okwenene ngombane wokusebenza ophakathi. Ngenxa yokuba izinto ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwebhetri azinakusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye i-voltage yayo yokusebenza ihlala iphantsi kunethiyori ye-electromotive force, amandla okwenene ahlala engaphantsi kwamandla ethiyori.
Amandla athile abhekisa kumandla akhutshwa yibhetri ngeyunithi yobunzima okanye umthamo weyunithi. Umthamo wamandla ngeyunithi yeyunithi yobunzima bebhetri uchazwa njengobunzima bamandla athile, aqhele ukulinganiselwa kwiiwatt{1}}iiyure ngekhilogram (Wh/kg). Umthamo wamandla ngeyunithi yeyunithi yebhetri uchazwa njengomthamo wamandla athile, abonakaliswa ngewatt{3}}iiyure ilitha nganye (Wh/L). Ngaphaya koko, ingqikelelo yamandla athile inokuphinda ihlulwe ibe yithiyori (W) kunye neyenyani (W), apho amandla athile ethiyori anokubalwa kusetyenziswa i-equation (1.9):
Kwifomula, i-K + ilingana ne-electrochemical yezinto ezilungileyo ze-electrode; K - i-electrochemical elingana ne-negative electrode material; kunye no-E ngamandla ebhetri e-electromotive.
Amandla kunye namandla athile
Amandla ebhetri abhekiselele ekuphumeni kwamandla ebhetri ngexesha leyunithi nganye phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokukhupha, kwaye iyunithi yomlinganiselo wayo yi-watt (W) okanye i-kilowatt (kW). Xa la mandla aphumayo eqwalaselwa ngokunxulumene nobunzima bebhetri okanye umthamo, ingqikelelo yamandla athile ifunyenwe. Ngokukodwa, ubukhulu bamandla obuthile bulinganisa ukuba zingaphi iiwathi zamandla ezinokubonelela ubunzima bebhetri, kwaye iyunithi yayo yiW/kg; ngelixa amandla athile e-volumetric abonisa amandla aveliswa ngumthamo weyunithi yebhetri, kunye neyunithi ehambelana nayo yiW / L.
Amandla kunye namandla athile abonisa izinga lokuphuma kwebhetri. Amandla ebhetri aphezulu athetha ukuba ibhetri ingaphuma ngesantya esiphezulu sangoku okanye ngamaqondo aphezulu. Umzekelo, i-zinc{2}}ibhetri yesilivere inokufikelela kumandla athile angaphezu kwe-100 W/kg xa ikhupha ingxinano yangoku ephakathi, ebonisa ukuxhathisa okuphantsi kwangaphakathi kunye -nezinga eliphezulu lokukhupha ukusebenza. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-zinc{6}}yemanganese ibhetri yeseli eyomileyo ingafumana kuphela amandla athile we-10 W/kg xa isebenza kuxinaniso lwangoku oluphantsi, ebonisa ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwangaphakathi kunye nomgangatho ophantsi{8}}wokukhupha ukusebenza. Ngokufanayo namandla ebhetri, amandla akwanawo amandla okucinga kunye namandla angawo.
Amandla athiyori ebhetri angabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo:
Kwifomula, t lixesha; Co ngumthamo wethiyori webhetri; ndingulo umsinga.
Awona mandla ebhetri kufuneka abe:
Kwifomula, I2I-R imele amandla asetyenziswe kukunganyangeki kwangaphakathi kwebhetri. La mandla akanamsebenzi kumthwalo osetyenziswayo; iguqulwa ibe ngamandla obushushu kwaye ikhutshwe njengobushushu.
Ubomi bomjikelo
Kwiibhetri, ubomi bomjikelezo, okanye umjikelo wokusetyenziswa, sesinye sezibonakaliso eziphambili zokuvavanya ukusebenza kwebhetri. Umjikelo ngamnye ogqityiweyo{1}wokukhupha uthathwa njengethuba lexesha lebhetri.
Phantsi kwentlawulo ethile-yemiqathango yokukhupha, inani lemijikelo ibhetri inokumelana nayo phambi kokuba umthamo wayo wehle ukuya kwixabiso elithile elichaziweyo njengobomi bomjikelo okanye umjikelo wosetyenziso. Ubude bomjikelo ubomi, kokukhona ibhetri isebenza ngcono.Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri zibonisa ubomi bomjikelo owahlukileyo; Umzekelo, iibhetri zenickel-zecadmium zinokufikelela kumawaka emijikelo, ngelixa iibhetri zezinc{4}}zesilivere zinemijikelo embalwa, ezinye zingaphantsi kwekhulu. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kunye neebhetri zohlobo olufanayo zinokuba nobomi obuhlukeneyo bomjikelezo ngenxa yokungafani kwisakhiwo sazo sangaphakathi.
Ubomi bomjikelezo webhetri buchatshazelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza kusetyenziso olululo kunye nokugcinwa kakuhle, le miba iphambili ilandelayo iyasebenza: ① Ngexesha lokurhawulwa{1}}kumjikelezo wokukhupha, indawo engaphezulu yezinto ezisebenzayo iyehla ngokuthe ngcembe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekonyukeni koxinzelelo lwangoku kunye nokuqina kwepolarization; ② Izinto ezisebenzayo kwii-electrode zinokukhupha okanye zigqithise; ③ Ngexesha lokusebenza kwebhetri, ezinye izinto ze-electrode zinokugqwala; ④ Iidendrites ezenziwe kwii-electrode ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile zinokubangela iisekethe ezimfutshane ngaphakathi kwebhetri; ⑤ Isahluli singonakala; ⑥ I-crystal morphology yezinto ezisebenzayo zitshintsha ngexesha lokuhlawuliswa okuphindaphindiweyo{2}}kumjikelezo wokukhupha, ngokunciphisa umsebenzi wayo.
Ukugcinwa kokusebenza
Ukusebenza kogcino lwebhetri kubhekiselele kwiqondo lolahleko lwamandla endalo ngaphakathi kwebhetri xa ikwimo evulekileyo-yesekethe phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo (ezifana nobushushu kunye nokufuma). Le nto ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-self{2}}discharge. Ukuba umlinganiselo wokulahlekelwa kwamandla ngexesha lokugcinwa kuncinci, kubonisa ukuba ibhetri inomsebenzi obalaseleyo wokugcina.
Xa ibhetri ikwisimo sesekhethi-evulekileyo, nangona ingaboneleli ngamandla ombane ngaphandle, isaqhuba-inkqubo yokuzikhupha. Le nto yenziwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwe-thermodynamic yee-electrode kwindawo ye-electrolyte, ekhokelela ekuphenduleni okuzenzekelayo kwe-redox phakathi kwee-electrodes. Naphantsi kweemeko ezomileyo, ukuba itywina aliqini ngokwaneleyo, ukungenwa kwezinto zangaphandle ezinjengomoya okanye ukufuma kusenokubangela isiphumo sokuzikhupha ngaphakathi kwebhetri.
Umlinganiselo wokuzikhupha-ungabonakaliswa njengenani leentsuku ezithathayo ukuze umthamo webhetri wehle ukuya kwixabiso elichaziweyo xa ligciniwe, elaziwa ngokuba bubomi beshelufu.Kukho ubomi beshelufu owomileyo kunye nobomi beshelufu obumanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ibhetri yokugcina, ngaphandle kokufaka i-electrolyte ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, inokugcinwa ixesha elide; ibhetri enjalo ingaba neshelufu eyomileyo ixesha elide. Ukugcinwa kunye ne-electrolyte kuthiwa ukugcinwa okumanzi; Ugcino olumanzi lukhokelela kumphumo onamandla wokuzikhupha{4} kunye nobomi obufutshane obufutshane beshelufu obumanzi. Umzekelo, i-zinc-ibhetri yesilivere inokuphila kwishelufu eyomileyo yeminyaka emi-5-8, ngelixa ubomi bayo obumanzi buziinyanga nje ezimbalwa.