Ndichithe iiyure ezininzi kakhulu ndintywilaiteknoloji yokugcina amandla. Ngokunyaniseka, into eyaqala njengokufuna ukwazi malunga nokuseta ibhetri yommelwane wam yajika yaba yinto ethandabuzekayo. Ke nantsi into endiyifumeneyo{2}kwaye undithembe, ezinye zezi zinto zindothusile.
Imbonakalo yomhlaba itshintshe kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, besithetha nge-lithium-iion kunye ne-pomped hydro. Kwaba njalo. Ngoku? Iinketho ziphantse zagqithisa.
ILithium{0}}Ibali le-Ion
Wonke umntu uyayazi i-lithium - ion. Ifowuni yakho, ilaptop, mhlawumbi imoto yakho{2}}ikho kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa kulapho izinto ziba nomdla kwigridi{4}}isikali kunye nosetyenziso lwasekhaya.
Ubuninzi bamandla buyamangalisa. Sithetha nge 150-250 Wh/kg, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ungapakisha ubungakanani bokugcina obunzulu kwiiyunithi ezixineneyo. Thelekisa oko ukukhokelela-iasidi mhlawumbi kwi-35-40 Wh/kg, kwaye uqala ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-lithium-ion ithathe indawo ngokukhawuleza. Akukufutshane nakancinane.
Ukujikeleza -ubuchule bohambo buhlala malunga nama-85-95%. Ibalulekile loo nto. Nge-100 kWh nganye oyifakileyo, ufumana i-85-95 ebuyile. Amandla aseleyo aba bubushushu, yiyo loo nto ulawulo lwe-thermal lubaluleke kakhulu kwezi nkqubo. Ndibone ufakelo apho ukupholisa okulambathayo kwehlise ukusebenza kakuhle ngepesenti ye-10-15 yamanqaku. Impazamo ebiza kakhulu.
Ubomi bomjikelezo buyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwikhemistri kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa. I-LFP (i-lithium iron phosphate) iiseli zinokubetha imijikelezo ye-4,000-6,000 kwi-80% ubunzulu bokukhutshwa. Ikhemistri ye-NMC? Ngakumbi njenge-1,500-2,000 phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Lo mahluko ubalulekile xa ubala ixabiso lobomi.
Igophe lokuthotywa yinto abangasoloko beyigxininisa abavelisi. Ulahlekelwa malunga ne-2-3% yomthamo ngonyaka nokuba usetyenziswe kakuhle. Emva kweminyaka elishumi, loo bhetri ye-10 kWh ngokwenyani yibhetri ye-8 kWh. Cwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo.
Iibhetri ezihambayo: UKhetho olungaxatyiswanga
Ndiyakuvuma ukuba ndizithathele phantsi iibhetri zokuhamba kweminyaka. Kwakubonakala ngathi yitekhnoloji ye-niche engasoze yakhula ngokwenyani. Bendingalunganga.
Ingqikelelo intle: izisombululo ezibini ze-electrolyte ezigcinwe kumatanki ahlukeneyo, zimponthwe kwisitaki seseli apho zitshintshiselana ii-ion kwi-membrane. Imveliso yamandla ixhomekeke kubungakanani besitaki. Umthamo wamandla uxhomekeke kubungakanani betanki. Ungazikala ngokuzimeleyo{3}}iluncedo lokwenene kwizicelo ezithile.
Iibhetri zokuhamba kwe-Vanadium redox (VRFBs) zilawula imarike yorhwebo ngoku. Ukujikeleza -ubuchule bohambo bungaphantsi kune-lithium-i-ion{3}} ngokwesiqhelo ngu-65-}75%-kodwa nantsi into: i-electrolyte ayohlisi indlela i-lithium-ion electrode eyenza ngayo. Abanye abavelisi babanga ama-20,{9}} imijikelo enelahleko yomthamo omncinci. I-electrolyte ngokwayo inokuphinda isetyenziswe phantse ngokungenasiphelo.
Umzobo weenyawo mkhulu nangona kunjalo. Udinga indawo yamatanki, iimpompo, isitakhi seeseli, iinkqubo zokupholisa. Usetyenziso -lofakelo lwesikali ngeemfuno zeyure engu-4+, uqoqosho luqala ukubonakala lunomtsalane. Yeyokuhlala? Ayisebenzi. Ubuncinci okwangoku.
I-Pumped Hydro: IseSigebenga
Kulapho kufuneka ndichithe ixesha elithile, kuba i-hydro pumped ayihoywa kwiingxoxo zogcino lwamandla, kwaye yimpazamo leyo.
Kwihlabathi jikelele, i-hydro pumped imele malunga ne-95% yegridi efakelweyo{1}}isikali somthamo wokugcina amandla. Vumela oko kuzike ngaphakathi. Zonke izihloko ze-lithium -, zonke ibhetri ezikhuphayo zikhuphisana naloo 5% iseleyo. Amanani ayothusa: ngaphezu kwe-160 GW yomthamo we-hydro emponthiweyo kwihlabathi jikelele, ukugcina amandla alinganiswa kumakhulu e-GWh.
Umgaqo awunakuba lula ngakumbi. Impompo yamanzi inyuke xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi okanye ubuninzi. Yiyeke iqukuqele ezantsi ngee turbines xa ufuna amandla. Amandla anokutsalwa nzima, agcinwe aze akhululwe. Akukho zixhobo zangaphandle, akukho chemistry entsonkothileyo, akukho nkxalabo yokuthotywa kwimeko yemveli.
Ukujikeleza{0}}uhambo olufanelekileyo luqala kwi-70-}85%, kuxhomekeke kuyilo lofakelo. Ayiphezulu njenge-lithium -iion, kodwa iyakhuphisana neebhetri zokuhamba. Kwaye nantsi into ebalulekileyo: iinkqubo zokugqibela. ISikhululo sokuGcinwa seBath County eVirginia sisebenza ukusukela ngo-1985. Phantse amashumi amane eminyaka yokusebenza okuthembekileyo. Zama ukufumana ibhetri eneminyaka engama-40 esebenzayo.
Ixesha lokuphendula liphucuke kakhulu ngokuguquguqukayo -kwempompo yesantya{1}}iiinjini zomoya. Ufakelo lwangoku lunokuhamba ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwimveliso epheleleyo ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emibini. Oko kukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kwiimfuno ezininzi zozinziso lwegridi.
Umda ocacileyo yijografi. Udinga umahluko wokuphakama kunye namanzi. Iziza ezininzi ezifanelekileyo sele ziphuhlisiwe kwiindawo ezifana neNorway, iSwitzerland, kunye neendawo zaseUnited States. Kodwa-kwaye oku kuyanika umdla{4}}kukho umdla okhulayo kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo ze-loop ezingathembeli kumanzi endalo. Imigodi eshiyiweyo,{7}}injongo{7}}zakhiwe amadama, nkqu nemiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba.
Iindleko zokwakha zihlala ziphezulu. Sithetha ngeebhiliyoni zeedola zofakelo olukhulu kunye nokuvumela amaxesha alinganiswe kwiminyaka, ngamanye amaxesha amashumi eminyaka. Olo tyalo-mali lulayishiwe ngaphambili-ngoyena mqobo kuphuhliso olutsha, hayi imida yobugcisa.
Umoya ocinezelekileyo
CAES{0}ugcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo. Zimbini kuphela izityalo ezinkulu-ezisebenzayo ngoku: iHuntorf eJamani (ukusukela ngo-1978) kunye neMcIntosh e-Alabama (ukusukela ngo-1991). Zombini zisebenzisa imiqolomba yetyuwa engaphantsi komhlaba. Ubuchule bujikeleze i-40-50% yoyilo lwe-adiabatic yendabuko, nangona iindlela eziphambili ze-isothermal zithembisa i-70%{9}} iteknoloji enomdla, ukusasazwa okulinganiselwe. Ukuqhubeka.
Umbuzo weHydrogen
Ndibuyela emva naphambili kwi-hydrogen. Kwezinye iintsuku ndicinga ukuba likamva logcino{1}lobude bexesha elide. Kwezinye iintsuku, ilahleko esebenzayo ibonakala ingenakoyiswa.
Nantsi izibalo ezisisiseko ezikhwelisa abantu. I-Electrolysis iqhuba malunga nama-60-80% ngokufanelekileyo. Uxinzelelo okanye ukunyibilika kuthatha elinye iqhekeza lamandla. Xa uguqulela umbane kwakhona usebenzisa iseli yamafutha, ujonge mhlawumbi 40-60% ukusebenza kakuhle. Beka ezo ndawo kunye kunye nomhlaba osebenzayo wokuya nokubuya kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-25-45%. Ayonto...ayintle.
Kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle akusiyo yonke into. IHydrojeni ibonelela ngenye into obunye ubuchwephesha obungenako: ukugcinwa ngokwenyani ngexesha lonyaka ngaphandle kokuthotywa. Velisa i-hydrogen ehlotyeni xa i-solar iphuma incopho, yigcine kwimiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba okanye eitankini, kwaye uyisebenzise ebusika xa imfuno inyuka. I-electrolyte kwibhetri yokuqukuqela isasebenza emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ihleli ingenzi nto, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa i-hydrogen nje... ihleli apho. Akukho kukhathazeka ngokuzikhulula.
Olunye uncedo kukuguquguquka. Ihydrogen egciniweyo inokuba ngumbane kwakhona, ewe. Kodwa inokondla iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso, izithuthi zamafutha, okanye ivelise ubushushu. Olo khetho lunexabiso lokwenyani, nokuba kunzima ukulilinganisa.
Inqaku eliKhawulezayo kwiiFlywheels
Uphantse walibala ii-flywheels. Bagcina amandla e-kinetic kwirotha ejikelezayo{1}}idla ngokuba yikharbhon fibre composites ebaleka kwivacuum ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana. Ixesha lokuphendula likhawuleza ngoko nangoko, nto leyo ebenza bagqibelele kulawulo lwamaza. Kodwa umthamo wamandla ulinganiselwe. Ujonge kwimizuzu yokugcina, hayi iiyure. IBeacon Power isebenza kwiziko le-20 MW eNew York elenza ulawulo lwamaza ngobuchule. Ukugcina isambuku? Jonga kwenye indawo.
UGcino lweThermal lufumana umdla
Ityuwa enyibilikisiweyo, isanti eshushu, ulwelo lwecryogenic, umkhenkce{0}zininzi iindidi apha kunokuba abantu becinga.
Izityalo zamandla elanga ezigxininisiweyo zisebenzise indawo yokugcina ityuwa etyhidiweyo iminyaka. Isityalo seGemasolar eSpain sinokuvelisa umbane ukuya kwiiyure ze-15 ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga ngokuthe ngqo usebenzisa ubushushu obugcinwe kwiityuwa ze-nitrate ezinyibilikisiweyo malunga ne-565 degree. Itekhnoloji eqinisekisiweyo.
Into endivuyisayo mva nje yintlabathi eshushu kunye nokugcinwa kwegrabile. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa izinto ezingabizi, zininzi, ezinokumelana namaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-1000 degree. Akukho zitsheyini zonikezelo ezingaqhelekanga zokukhathazeka ngazo. Inkampani yaseFinland ebizwa ngokuba yiPolar Night Energy yakha i100 MWh ibhetri yesanti ebisebenza ngorhwebo ukusukela ngo-2022. Ukujikeleza{6}}uhambo olusebenzayo lusezantsi{7}}mhlawumbi 50-60% yombane{10}}ukuya{11}}umbane-kodwa ukuba isicelo sakho sokuqala kukufudumeza, ungabetha%{1}0}
Ugcino lomkhenkce kwizicelo zokupholisa lufanele ukukhankanywa. Yenza umkhenkce ebusuku xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi, uwusebenzisele ukupholisa umoya ngamaxesha asemva kwemini. Elula, esebenzayo, kwaye esele inikezelwe kumawaka ezakhiwo zorhwebo. Ayinabukhazikhazi, kodwa iyasebenza.
Ngoko bathelekisa Njani?
Impendulo enyanisekileyo yile: kuxhomekeke kwinto ozama ukuyenza. Ndiyithiyile loo mpendulo, kodwa yinyaniso.
Iimfuneko Zexesha
Ngempendulo-yesibini kunye neemfuno-ezifutshane zexesha (imizuzwana ukuya kwimizuzu), i-flywheels kunye ne-supercapacitors zilawula. Ziyabiza nge-kWh nganye kodwa azinakoyiswa kwisantya. I-Lithium-iyiyoni iphatha i-1-ifestile yeyure ezi-4 kakuhle kakhulu-apha kulapho uninzi lweendawo zokuhlala nezorhwebo zihlala khona. Nje ukuba utyhale kwiiyure ezi-8-10 ezidlulileyo, i-hydro emponthiweyo kunye neebhetri ezihambayo ziyonga ngakumbi. Ukugcinwa kwexesha lonyaka elithatha iiveki okanye iinyanga, i-hydrogen yeyona nto isebenzayo ngoku.
Iindleko zokwenyani
ILithium-amaxabiso epakethe ye-ion ehlile{1}}ukusuka malunga ne-$1,100/kWh ngo-2010 ukuya kutsho kuqikelelo lwe-$140/kWh ngo-2024. Yindlela eyothusayo leyo. Kodwa iindleko zebhetri ziyingxenye kuphela ye-equation. Ibhalansi yenkqubo, ufakelo, uqhagamshelo lwegridi, ukuvumela{9}}ezi "ndleko zithambileyo" ziya zilawula uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweprojekthi. Inkqubo yokuhlala ye-100 kWh inokubiza i-$ 20,000-35,000 efakiweyo, ngokuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo kunye nemimiselo yendawo.
I-hydro pumped inelona xabiso lisezantsi logcino kwizicelo zexesha elide-, ngokuqhelekileyo $50-80/MWh kubomi beprojekthi. Okubanjiswayo yile mfuneko yemali engaphambili endiyikhankanye ngaphambili. Ufuna abatyali-mali abanomonde.
Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo zisaduru-mhlawumbi $300{2}}500/kWh kwiisistim ezipheleleyo-kodwa ubomi obude butshintsha izibalo kwiindleko ezilinganisiweyo. Ukuba isicelo sakho sifuna i-10,{5}} imijikelo engaphezu kwama-20 eminyaka, sebenzisa amanani ngononophelo.
Ukuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo
Kulapho ndifumana khona ukushumayela, uxolo. Ukwenziwa kwe-lithium{1}}kunefuthe lokwenyani kokusingqongileyo{2}}imeko zemigodi ye-cobalt, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okutsalwa kwe-lithium, ukuphela{3}}ko{4}}kwimingeni yokuphila ngokutsha. Siya singcono kuzo zonke ezi, kodwa ukwenza ngathi iibhetri zicoceke ngokugqibeleleyo akunangqondo. I-hydro emponthiweyo iguqula imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye ne-ikhosistim, nangona ivaliwe{7}}uyilo lwelophu lunciphisa iimpembelelo. I-Hydrogen esuka kwi-electrolysis icoceke kuphela njengoko umbane uyinika amandla. Ezi tradeoffs zibalulekile kwaye zifuna ingxoxo enyanisekileyo.
Eyona nto bendiyincoma
Kumakhaya amaninzi kunye namashishini amancinci? Lithium - ion, ngokukodwa LFP chemistry. Itekhnoloji ikhulile, abafakeli bayayiqonda, kwaye amaxabiso afikeleleke ngokwenyani. Yidibanise nophahla lwelanga kwaye unenkqubo eya kukusebenzela kakuhle iminyaka eyi-10-15.
Kwigridi-eneeprojekthi zesikali ezineemfuno zeyure ye-4+, incoko iba nomdla ngakumbi. Ndingavavanya nzulu iibhetri zokuhamba ecaleni kwe-lithium-ion, ngakumbi ukuba isicelo sifuna ukubala komjikelo ophezulu. Kwaye ungayigxothi i-pomped hydro kuba ivakala indala-isefashonini{6}apho ijografi ivumela, isoloko ilolona tyalo-mali lwexesha elide{7}}.
Gcina iliso kubuchwephesha obuvelayo kwakhona. Iibhetri zesodium-zeionzi ziyafikeleleka kurhwebo kwaye zingacutha i-lithium{2}}iion ngexabiso kwiminyaka embalwa. Iibhetri zomoya zentsimbi -zinika uxinano lwamandla olumangalisayo ixesha elide- lezicelo. Ugcino lomxhuzulane kusetyenziswa iibhloko eziqinileyo endaweni yamanzi kuyathengiswa.
Imbonakalo-mhlaba ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Into ebonakala ilungile namhlanje isenokungabi yimpendulo kwiminyaka emihlanu. Oko kungaqiniseki kuyakhathaza ukuba kufuneka wenze isigqibo ngoku, kodwa kuvuyisa ngokwenene. Siphila kwinguqu kwindlela ihlabathi eligcina ngayo amandla, kwaye isantya sokwenza izinto ezintsha asihlehli.