Ukutsheva komthwalo okwiqondo eliphezulu kunciphisa iindleko zombane ngokuthoba awona mandla aphezulu emfuno yamandla ngexesha lokuhlawula, ezisetyenziselwa ukubala iintlawulo zemfuno. Izibonelelo zorhwebo nezoshishino zisebenzisa esi sicwangciso ngogcino lwebhetri,{1}}kwindawo yokuvelisa, okanye ulawulo lomthwalo ukunqanda imirhumo emikhulu ebotshelelwa kusetyenziso oluphezulu.
Iintlawulo zemfuno zidla ngokumela i-30% ukuya kwi-70% yamatyala ombane enyanga kumashishini aneemfuno eziphezulu zamandla. Ezi ntlawulo zibalwa ngokusekwe kwelona xesha liphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwamandla emizuzu eli-15 kumjikelo wokuhlawula, nokuba le ncopho yenzeke ngokufutshane kangakanani na. Umzi-mveliso ozoba ama-4,500 kW kwimizuzu nje engama-30 unokuqalisa iindleko zemfuno zonyaka ezingaphaya kwe-$225,000, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$200,000 kumthwalo ongaguqukiyo wama-4,000 kW. Incopho yokutsheva kuthintela ezi spikes zixabisa kakhulu.
Impembelelo yezeMali yeMfuno eyiNcopho
Uqoqosho olusemva kweentlawulo zemfuno lusukela kwindlela iigridi zombane eziyilwa kwaye zisebenza ngayo. Izinto eziluncedo kufuneka zakhe izixhobo ezikwaziyo ukukhawulelana nemfuno ephezulu nangawuphi na umzuzu, ngokufana neenkqubo zendlela ezilungiselelwe ukungxama{1}}kweyure yetrafikhi kuneemeko ze-4 AM. Abaqhubi begridi badlulisela ezi ndleko zomthamo kubathengi abenza imithwalo ephezulu ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokwenyani, iintlawulo zemfuno zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kuneendleko zokusetyenziswa. Ngelixa iindleko zokusetyenziswa kwetyala lamandla ewonke asetyenzisiweyo (alinganiswe ngeekilowatt-iiyure), intlawulo yeentlawulo zetyala lomthamo wamandla ofunekayo (ulinganiswa ngeekilowatts). Umahluko ubaluleke kakhulu: amaziko amabini asebenzisa amandla enyanga afanayo anokuba namatyala ahlukeneyo kakhulu ukuba umntu ufumana i-spikes ebukhali ngelixa elinye ligcina ukusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo.
Yenyani{0}idatha yehlabathi ibonisa le mpembelelo. Umenzi wesamente waseTaiwan{2} osekwe kwi-3.06 MWh wasebenzisa inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri eyi-3.06 MWh kwaye wazuza ugcino lonyaka lwe- $344,000 ngokucheba okuphezulu kunye nexesha{6}}lo{7}}lokusebenzisa usetyenziso. Inkqubo ihlawuliswa ngexesha eliphantsi{9}}leyure zasebusuku kwaye ikhutshwe ngexesha lasemini, icutha zombini iintlawulo zesakhono kunye neentlawulo zemfuno ephezulu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwemveliso.
Ngokufanayo, indawo yokuvelisa ejongene neendleko zenyanga ezingaphezulu kwe-50,000 yeedola ifakele i-5 MW / 10 MWh inkqubo yebhetri. Eli ziko licuthe iintlawulo zemfuno ngama-35%, nto leyo eguqulela ngaphezulu kwe-500,000 yeedola kulondolozo lonyaka kunye{8}}neminyaka emine yokuhlawula. Le asiyomizekelo yodwa. Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri eziphumeza ukuchetywa komthwalo okwincopho ngokuqhelekileyo kunciphisa iindleko eziphezulu zamandla nge-15% ukuya kwi-30%, kunye nemisebenzi ethile ifezekisa ugcino oluphezulu ngezicwangciso ezidibeneyo.
AbaSebenzi beGridi Babala njani ezi Ntlawulo
Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlawula kutyhila ukuba kutheni ukutsheva komthwalo omkhulu kuzisa ixabiso elinjalo. Izinto ezininzi zilinganisa imfuno ngemizuzu eyi-15{3}yekhefu kulo lonke ixesha lokuhlawula. Iimitha ze-Smart zihlala zibeka iliso kusetyenziso lwamandla, zibala umthamo ophakathi kwifestile yekota nganye. Owona mlinganiselo uphezulu uba sisiseko sentlawulo yemfuno yaloo nyanga.
Le festile yomlinganiselo wemizuzu eyi-15{6} yenza zombini umngeni kunye nethuba. Ukunyuka kwemfuno enye okuthatha imizuzu nje kunokumisela iintlawulo kuwo wonke umjikelo wokuhlawula. Kwezinye izakhiwo zesantya, loo ncopho ide ibe nefuthe kwiindleko zeenyanga ezilandelayo okanye unyaka wonke. Imimiselo yaseJamani, umzekelo, isebenzisa imilinganiselo yemfuno ephezulu ukumisela imirhumo yegridi yonyaka phantsi komgaqo weeyure ezingama-7,000 kumashishini asebenzisa amandla amakhulu.
Ifomula yokuhlawula iphinda-phinda imfuno ephezulu (nge-kW) ngomlinganiselo wentlawulo yemfuno yezinto eziluncedo ($/kW). Amaxabiso ahluka kakhulu ngendawo kunye nodidi lwabathengi, ukusuka kwi-$9 ukuya kwi-$15 kwi-kW nganye kwiingingqi ezininzi, kunye neemarike ezingaphezulu kwe-$20 ngekW nganye. Isibonelelo esinemfuno ephezulu ye-900 kW kunye nexabiso le-$ 10 / kW lijongene ne-$ 9,000 kwiindleko zemfuno yenyanga kuphela, ngaphandle kweendleko zokusetyenziswa kwamandla okwenene.
Iindlela zokuPhumeza
Iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri zimele esona sisombululo sibhetyebhetye kwincopho yomthwalo wokutsheva. Ezisistim zihlawulisa ngexesha lokuphumla{1}}ngeeyure eziphakamileyo xa amaxabiso ombane esezantsi kunye nemfuno yegridi isezantsi. Ngexesha leencopho, iibhetri zikhupha ukongeza amandla egridi, ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela ukutsalwa kwesixhobo kusetyenziso. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zolawulo lwamandla zizenza ngokuzenzekelayo le nkqubo, zisebenzisa i-algorithms eqikelelwayo ukuqikelela ukunyuka kwemfuno kunye nokusebenzisa amandla agciniweyo ngokuqhubekayo.
Iinkcukacha zobugcisa zibalulekile. Inkqubo yebhetri enobungakanani obufanelekileyo kufuneka ibonelele ngomthamo owaneleyo wamandla (olinganiswe nge-MW) ukugubungela ukucutha okulindelekileyo ngelixa ugcina amandla awoneleyo (alinganiswe nge-MWh) ukugcina eso siphumo sobude bexesha elifunekayo. Izibonelelo zemizi-mveliso zihlala zisebenzisa iinkqubo eziqala kwi-125 kW / 250 kWh kwimisebenzi emincinci ukuya kwi-5 MW / 10 MWh kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu.
Kwindawo -ukuveliswa kunikezela ngenye indlela. Iinkqubo zeSolar photovoltaic zivelisa umbane ngexesha leencopho zasemini, ezihlala zihambelana nemfuno ephezulu yoncedo kunye namazinga aphezulu osetyenziso. Ilanga elidityanisiweyo-kunye{4}}nofakelo logcino luzisa ukusebenza okwandisiweyo, lugcina imveliso yelanga engaphezulu ukuze isetyenziswe ngexesha leencopho zangokuhlwa okanye amaxesha amafu xa imveliso yelanga isihla kodwa imfuno yoncedo ihlala iphezulu.
Ibango{0}}icala lolawulo lijolise kuhlengahlengiso lokusebenza kunokongeza isizukulwana okanye ugcino. Iisistim zolawulo lwamandla zinokunciphisa ngokuzenzekelayo amandla abelwe izixhobo ezithile ngexesha leencopho. Kwinkqubo yokutshaja isithuthi sombane, iisistim ezikrelekrele zihlengahlengisa amaxabiso okutshaja ukunqanda ukutsalwa kwamandla ngaxeshanye{3}okugcweleyo kwizikhululo ezininzi. Izibonelelo zokwenza izinto zinokulandelelanisa ukuqaliswa kwesixhobo ukunqanda ukunyuka kwamandla ngaxeshanye.
Isicwangciso esisiso sihlala sidibanisa iindlela ezininzi. Umzi-mveliso unokusebenzisa iibhetri ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwi-spikes yemfuno engalindelekanga, iiphaneli zelanga ukuphelisa imithwalo esisiseko yasemini, kunye nolawulo lomthwalo oluzenzekelayo ukunqanda{1}}izixhobo ezingabalulekanga ekusebenzeni ngexesha leefestile eziphakamileyo.
Ishishini-Iizicelo ezithe ngqo
Amacandelo ahlukeneyo ajongene nemiceli mngeni yemfuno ephezulu, okwenza ukucheba okuphezulu kusebenze kuyo yonke imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Amaziko eenkcukacha afumana ukuguquguquka kwamandla ukusuka kwimisebenzi yekhompyutha entsonkothileyo eyenziwa ngaxeshanye. Ezi zibonelelo zihlawula amaxabiso epremiyamu ngokuchanekileyo xa zifuna umthamo omkhulu. Ukuphumeza ii-supercapacitors okanye iinkqubo zebhetri zigudisa ezi mfuno zahlukeneyo, ukunciphisa i-baseload eyi-avareji kunye nokunciphisa iintlawulo zenyanga nge-20% ukuya kwi-30% kufakelo olubhaliweyo.
Ukuveliswa kwezityalo ezinomatshini onzima wokukhwela ibhayisekile kumela abagqatswa bokutsheva bomthwalo omkhulu. Ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo kutsala amandla amakhulu okwethutyana, kudala imfuno enyukayo eqhuba iindleko zonyaka nangona zisenzeka ngokungaqhelekanga. Umzi-mveliso wesamente osebenza ngokucokisekileyo kwizitofu kunye nezixhobo zokusila ujongene nemfuno ethe gqolo ephezulu yesiseko kunye neencopho ezithi gqi ngezixhobo ezincedisayo. Ubeko lwebhetri olucwangcisiweyo lujongana nencochoyi kuphela, hayi umthwalo osisiseko, luzisa ulondolozo olungalinganiyo olunxulumene neendleko zesixokelelwano.
Izibonelelo zokutshaja iimoto zombane zenza eyona profayili yemfuno engumngeni. Iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezintandathu ze-150 kW DC ezisebenza ngaxeshanye zenza imfuno ye-900 kW. Nokuba usetyenziso oluyi-avareji lokwenyani luyimizuzu nje eli-11 yonke imihla ngetshaja nganye, elo xesha lifutshane lokusetyenziswa limisela intlawulo yenyanga. Incopho yomthwalo wokutsheva ngeeshedyuli zokutshaja ezilawulwayo okanye izithinteli zebhetri zingacutha ezi ntlawulo ngama-24,000 e-$24,000 ngonyaka kufakelo lwetshaja ezintandathu, kuthatha i-$80/kW yentlawulo yemfuno.
Izakhiwo zorhwebo ezinemithwalo ebalulekileyo ye-HVAC namava afuna ukunyuka ngexesha lobushushu obugqithisileyo. Iinkqubo zokupholisa umoya zoba amandla aphezulu kweyona mvakwemini ishushu, kanye xa igridi iyonke ibango iphezulu kwaye izinto eziluncedo zijongene nemiqobo emikhulu yomthamo. Phambi{2}}izakhiwo zokupholisa ezisebenzisa amandla agciniweyo okanye ukusebenza kwesixhobo sokucwangcisa ngobuchule kunokuwenza mcaba ezi jiko zemfuno kakhulu.
Izibhedlele kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zifuna amandla athembekileyo aqhubekayo, okwenza ukucuthwa kokusebenza akunakwenzeka. Ezi zibonelelo zixhomekeke ekuchebeni komthwalo ophezulu ngokugcinwa okanye ukuveliswa kunolawulo lomthwalo. Inzuzo ephindwe kabini apha kukunciphisa intlawulo yemfuno ngexesha lemisebenzi eqhelekileyo kunye nomthamo wenkxaso kaxakeka ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwegridi.
Igridi-iNqanaba lokuNzuzwa
Ngelixa izibonelelo zomntu ngamnye zilandela ukuchetywa komthwalo ophakamileyo ukuze kugcinwe imali, isicwangciso-qhinga sibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibanzi zozinzo lwegridi. Abaqhubi begridi kufuneka bagcine umthamo wokuvelisa kunye neziseko zothumelo zothumelo ngokobungakanani bemfuno ephezulu, hayi umndilili womthwalo. Xa abathengi abakhulu bezorhwebo benciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo okuphezulu, izinto eziluncedo zinokuhlehlisa ukuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso ezixabisa kakhulu.
Abaqhubi bothungelwano losasazo baxabisa ngokukodwa ukutsheva komthwalo okwincopho kwiindawo zabo zenkonzo. Ukuveliswa kwamandla afanayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kubonisa imeko efanelekileyo yokusebenza kwegridi, efuna ukufakwa kobhedu oluncinci kwiintambo zamandla kunye neendawo ezimbalwa zokuhambisa. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi njengokuguquguquka kwesizukulwana esihlaziyekayo esivela emoyeni nakwilanga songeza ukuguquguquka kunikezelo{2}}ulawulo olusecaleni.
Uzinzo lwegridi luyaphucuka xa imfuno ephezulu iyancipha. Imithwalo ephezulu ngaxeshanye iguquli zoxinzelelo, imigca yokuhambisa, kunye neeyunithi zokuvelisa. Ukuguquguquka kwe-voltage kuya kucaca ngakumbi, kwaye umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwe-cascading uyanda ngexesha leencopho ezigqithisileyo. Ukuchetywa komthwalo osasaziweyo kubathengi abaninzi abakhulu kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo njengempendulo yemfuno, ukunciphisa ezi ziganeko zoxinzelelo ngaphandle kokufuna ukucuthwa ngenkani okanye ukucima umbane.
Umlinganiselo wokusingqongileyo udlulela ngaphaya kozinzo lwegridi. Izinto eziluncedo zihlala zixhomekeke kwizityalo ezikwincopho yerhasi yendalo okanye kwiiyunithi zamalahle ezindala ukuhlangabezana nemfuno egqithisileyo. Ezi jenereyitha zisebenza ngocikizeko oluphantsi kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-kWh ephezulu nge-kWh kunezityalo ezisisiseko. Ukunciphisa imfuno ephezulu ngogcino kunye nolawulo kunciphisa imfuno yezi zixhobo -zokukhutshwa okuphezulu. Iprojekthi yophononongo yokuba ukuchetywa komthwalo owandayo kunokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ngaphezulu kwe-100 lezigidi zeetoni zeemetric ngonyaka.
Uhlahlelo lwezoQoqosho kunye namaxesha okuhlawula
Utyalo-mali kwitekhnoloji yokucheba umthwalo ophakamileyo kufuna uhlalutyo lwemali ngononophelo. Iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri zimele inkcitho eyinkunzi engundoqo, eneendleko eziyohluka ngokwekhemistri, umthamo, kunye nobunzima bofakelo. Amaxabiso ebhetri ye-lithium -yangoku enza ukuba kurhwebo lusebenze kwiimalike ezineendleko zemfuno ye-$15/kW okanye ngaphezulu, equka izigidi zabathengi borhwebo kwiindawo ezininzi.
Ubalo lwentlawulo luxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo: amazinga entlawulo akhoyo, incopho-ukuya{1}}kwi-avareji yomlinganiselo webango, ixabiso lenkqubo yebhetri, kunye nengeniso eyongezelelweyo enokubakho. Indawo ehlawula i-$15/kW yeentlawulo zemfuno encopho rhoqo inokuthi ifumane imbuyekezo yeminyaka emibini- ukuya kwemithathu{5}}. Imisebenzi enencopho ephakathi okanye intlawulo yemfuno esezantsi ingabona amaxesha entlawulo yeminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu.
Ixabiso lilonke lobunini lidlulela ngaphaya kotyalo-mali lokuqala. Iisistim zebhetri zifuna ulondolozo oluqhubekayo, ekugqibeleni ukutshintshwa, kunye neelayisensi zesoftware yolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhla kweendleko zebhetri kuphucula uqoqosho ngonyaka. Phakathi kuka-2015 kunye no-2024, amaxabiso ebhetri ye-lithium -ehle ngaphezulu kwe-80%, okwenza iiprojekthi zisebenze ngokwezoqoqosho ebezinokusilela uhlalutyo lwemali kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili.
Amaziko amaninzi afumanisa ukuba ukutsheva komthwalo okwincopho kuzisa imbuyekezo ngaphaya kokuncitshiswa kwentlawulo. Iinkqubo zebhetri zibonelela ngamandla okugcina amandla ngexesha lokucima, ukuphucula ukomelela kokusebenza. Bavumela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuphendula imfuno, ukuvelisa ingeniso eyongezelelweyo ngokukhupha kwigridi ngexesha likaxakeka. Ezinye iimarike zibonelela ngeentlawulo zesakhono okanye ingeniso yolawulo lwamaxesha ngasemva-kwe{4}}yendawo yokugcina imitha, ukupakisha amanani amaninzi kwiasethi enye.
Ukhetho lwenkxaso-mali luye lwavela ukunciphisa imiqobo yangaphambili. Amandla-njenge{2}}i{3}}imifuziselo yenkonzo avumela uncedo ukuba lufakele iisistim zebhetri kunye nenkcitho eyinkunzi enguziro, endaweni yoko kuhlawulwe ngemirhumo yenyanga ebotshelelwe kugcino oluqinisekisiweyo. Le ndlela itshintsha umngcipheko wokusebenza kubaboneleli abakhethekileyo ngelixa uqinisekisa inzuzo yomthengi ngokukhawuleza kwiintlawulo zemfuno ezincitshisiweyo.
Iingqwalasela zobuGcisa
Ukuphunyezwa kokusheva komthwalo oyimpumelelo kufuna okungaphezulu nje kokufaka iibhetri. Iisistim zolawulo lwamandla zenza umaleko wobukrelekrele, ngokuqhubekayo ukujonga{1}}ixesha lokwenyani usetyenziso lwamandla kunye nokuqikelela ukuba iincopho ziyakwenzeka nini. Ezi sistim zidibanisa idatha esuka kwimithombo emininzi: i-smart metre eziluncedo, kwi--ukuveliswa kwendawo, uqikelelo lwemozulu, kunye neeprofayile zomthwalo wembali.
Ii-algorithms eziphucukileyo zongeza ukutshaja kunye nokukhupha iishedyuli ngamandla. Isixokelelwano sinokufunda ukuba imveliso idla ngokunyuka ngo-7 AM phakathi evekini, phambi{2}}ukukhupha iibhetri kancinane phambi kwaloo ncopho iqikelelwayo. Iimodeli zokufunda zoomatshini zichonga iipateni ezingaqhelekanga ezibonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwesixhobo okanye utshintsho olufuna uhlengahlengiso lweshedyuli.
Ufakelo oluphathekayo lubonisa ingqwalasela engaphaya kobungakanani benkqubo. Ukubekwa kwebhetri kuchaphazela ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko. Ufakelo lwangaphakathi lufuna ukungena komoya okwaneleyo kunye nolawulo lobushushu, njengoko ukusebenza kwebhetri kwehla kubushushu obugqithisileyo. Itekhnoloji yokupholisa ngokuntywiliselwa, eyamkelwa ngokwandayo kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso, igcina amaqondo obushushu asebenzayo ngelixa ibonelela ngezibonelelo zokucima umlilo. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwindawo yokuvelisa kunye neminye imingcipheko yomlilo.
Ii-elektroniki zombane{{0}iziguquli kunye neziguquli ezidibanisa iibhetri kwizixokelelwano zombane eziluncedo{1}}kufuneka ziphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuno zokuguquguquka. Amaxesha okuphendula alinganiswe kwii-milliseconds avumela iinkqubo zokutsheva umthwalo ophakamileyo ukuba zisabele phambi kwe-15{5}}imizuzu ye-avareji yemfuno inyuka kakhulu. Le mpendulo ikhawulezayo yahlula izisombululo zebhetri kwezinye iindlela eziphendula kancinane njengejenereyitha zedizili.
Ukudityaniswa neziseko ezingundoqo ezikhoyo kufuna ubunjineli bombane obunononophelo. Isixokelelwano sebhetri kufuneka siqhagamshele kumanqanaba ombane afanelekileyo, asoloko efuna inguqu. Izixhobo zokukhusela ziqinisekisa ukuqhawulwa okukhuselekileyo ngexesha leempazamo. Iisistim zokubek'esweni azilandeli nje imfuno yoncedo kodwa kunye nemeko yebhetri yentlawulo, amaxabiso okukhutshwa, kunye nezalathi zezempilo zesistim.
Ulawulo kunye neeNdlela zeMarike
Ubume bolawulo buchaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lokuchetywa komthwalo omkhulu kunye nokwamkelwa. Izinto eziluncedo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo zifuna iintlawulo ngokwahlukileyo, zichaphazela ukuba zeziphi izibonelelo ezixhamla kakhulu ekuchebeni komthwalo okwincopho. Eminye imimandla iphumeza ixesha{2}}intlawulo yemfuno eyahlukileyo, ibeka amazinga aphezulu ngexesha leemva kwemini zasehlotyeni okanye kusasa ebusika xa incopho yegridi yengingqi isenzeka. Eli xesha {{4}lo{5}}lokusebenzisa iintlawulo zemfuno zonyusa ugcino olunokubakho kumaziko akwaziyo ukujolisa{6}}amaxesha amaxabiso aphezulu.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulinganisa iimitha isebenzisana nezicwangciso-qhinga zokuchetywa komthwalo ophakamileyo, ingakumbi kumaziko avelisa amandla elanga. Ngelixa i-net metering ivumela ukuthengisa imveliso yelanga egqithileyo kwigridi, ezi khredithi zihlala zisebenza kuphela kwiintlawulo zokusetyenziswa, hayi iintlawulo ezifunwayo. Lo mda wenza iinkqubo zesola ezidityanisiweyo-kunye{3}}nogcino zixabiseke ngakumbi kunesolar iyodwa kubathengi abajongene neentlawulo zemfuno emandla.
Amanyathelo olawulo akutsha nje akhuthaza ngokukodwa ukutsheva komthwalo okwincopho. IMassachusetts yenze uMgangatho oCocekileyo wePeak ofuna ukuba imithwalo ephezulu ihlangatyezwe neepesenti ezikhulayo zamandla acocekileyo, kubandakanywa amandla avuselelweyo agciniweyo. I-California's Self-Inkqubo yeNkuthazo yesiZukulwana ibonelela ngezaphulelo ezininzi kwiinkqubo zokugcina ibhetri, ngokucacileyo kuquka ukucutha intlawulo yemfuno phakathi kwezicelo ezifanelekileyo. Le migaqo-nkqubo ithathela ingqalelo inzuzo embaxa-mbili yokucheba umthwalo: ugcino lwabathengi kunye nokuzinza kwegridi.
Intsingiselo yokuya kwiindleko zemfuno eyongeziweyo ichaphazela abanye abaxhasi bomthengi, abathi izinto eziluncedo zitshintshe ukubuyiswa kweendleko ukusuka kusetyenziso ukuya kwimfuno njengempendulo yokuthengiswa kwe-solar yokunciphisa amandla. Nokuba ziphenjelelwa yingeniso elahlekileyo okanye uhlaziyo olusemthethweni lolwabiwo lweendleko, iintlawulo eziphezulu zemfuno zenza ukuba ukuchetywa kwexabiso eliphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lweendleko.
Ngokuchaseneyo, ukwehla kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye neendleko zebhetri ziphucula imeko yezoqoqosho yokutsheva komthwalo ophakamileyo ngonyaka. Imakethi yehlabathi yokugcina amandla ebhetri kwincopho yokutsheva izicelo ixabisa i-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 kunye nokukhula kweeprojekthi ukuya kwi-2.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2031, okubonisa i-8.9% yezinga lokukhula ngonyaka. Olu lwandiso lubonisa ukukhula koqwalaselo lwexabiso lokutsheva lomthwalo.
Amanyathelo Asebenzayo Okuphumeza
Amaziko athathela ingqalelo ukuchetywa komthwalo ophakamileyo kufuneka aqale ngohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lweprofayili yomthwalo. Idatha yemfuno yembali ityhila xa iincopho zisenzeka, rhoqo kangakanani, kunye nobukhulu bazo xa kuthelekiswa nosetyenziso oluphakathi. Idatha yemitha ye-Smart ngexesha lemizuzu eyi-15 inika i-granularity efunekayo. Ukuchonga ukuba ingaba iincopho ziphuma kwiipateni zokusebenza ezinokuqikelelwa okanye ukukhwela ibhayisekile kwezixhobo ezingahleliweyo kumisela izisombululo ezifanelekileyo.
Inyathelo elilandelayo libandakanya ukubala ukonga okunokwenzeka. Phindaphinda-phinda imfuno yencopho yangoku ngomlinganiselo wentlawulo yebango, uze uqikelele ukuthotywa kwencopho efikelelekayo. Isibonelelo esinemfuno ephezulu ye-1,000 kW kunye neentlawulo ze-$ 12/kW ngoku sihlawula i-$ 12,000 ngenyanga kwiintlawulo zemfuno. Ukunciphisa imfuno ephezulu ukuya kuma-850 kW ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yebhetri eyi-150 kW kunokonga i-$1,800 ngenyanga, okanye i-$21,600 ngonyaka. Olu balo lumisela olona tyalo-mali luphezulu oluthethelelekayo ngolondolozo lwentlawulo yemfuno kuphela.
Ubungakanani benkqubo bufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto ezininzi. Umthamo wamandla (umlinganiselo we-kW) kufuneka ugqithe kunciphiso lwencopho ekujoliswe kuyo. Umthamo wamandla (umlinganiselo we-kWh) kufuneka ugcine umbane owaneleyo ukugcina eso siphumo silindeleke ixesha elide. Iziko elifumana iiyure ezimbini zemfuno ephakamileyo lifuna kakhulu ugcino lwamandla ngaphezu kwesinye esinencopho yemizuzu engama-30, nokuba zombini zijolise ekunciphiseni i-kW efanayo.
Ukukhetha umthengisi kubandakanya ukuvavanya kungekuphela nje iinkcukacha zehardware kodwa kunye nobuchule besoftware, imigaqo yewaranti, iimfuno zokulondolozwa, kunye nerekhodi lomkhondo. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwamandla ziyahluka ngokubanzi kubuchwephesha. Ezinye zikhupha nje iibhetri xa amandla ewela umda osetiwe. Iinkqubo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu zisebenzisa i-algorithms eqikelelwayo, uqikelelo lwemozulu, kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukwandisa ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo.
Ukufakela kunye nokugunyaziswa kubandakanya umsebenzi wombane, iimvume, izivumelwano zonxibelelwano oluluncedo, kunye novavanyo. Imimandla emininzi ifuna iikontraki eziqeqeshiweyo zombane ukuze kufakwe inkqubo yebhetri. Izinto eziluncedo zihlala zigunyazisa izifundo zoqhagamshelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ayisayi kudala imiba yamandla ombane okanye iingozi zokhuseleko kuthungelwano losasazo.
Ukuphucula okuqhubelekayo kungqina kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuzinzileyo. Inkqubo yokuqala inokufuna uhlengahlengiso njengoko imisebenzi yoncedo itshintsha okanye iipateni zamaxesha onyaka zivela. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kwebhetri kuthintela ukuthotywa. Iisistim zokubek'esweni zilumkisa abaqhubi ngezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezifuna uphando. Amaziko aphatha ukutsheva komthwalo omkhulu njengofakelo "lweseti kwaye ulibale" lufumana ugcino oluphantsi kunelo lugcina ulawulo olusebenzayo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ingakhawuleza kangakanani inkqubo yokutsheva umthwalo oyincopho yokusabela kwii-spikes zemfuno?
Iinkqubo zebhetri zanamhlanje ziphendula kwii-milliseconds ukuguquguquka kwamandla, okuzivumela ukuba zithintele ukunyuka kwemfuno ngaphambi kokuba zibhalise kwimizuzu ye-15 yemizuzu yokuhlawula. Isoftware yolawulo lwamandla isoloko ibeka iliso kutsalo lwamandla kwaye ivule ukukhutshwa phambi kokuba ukusetyenziswa kuwele imida ebalulekileyo. Eli xesha lokuphendula likhawuleza kakhulu kunejenereyitha ze-diesel, ezifuna imizuzwana ye-10-30 ukufikelela kwimveliso epheleleyo.
Ngaba amaziko aneepaneli zesola angazuza ekuchebeni komthwalo ophakamileyo?
Izixhobo zeSolar-zisoloko zizuza okuninzi ekongezeni ugcino lwebhetri ukwenzela ukutsheva okuphezulu komthwalo. Imveliso yelanga iyodwa ayinakho ukucutha iintlawulo ezifunwayo ngenxa yokuba imveliso ayisoloko idibana namaxesha okusetyenziswa kakhulu. Iibhetri zigcina imveliso yelanga egqithileyo yasemini ukuze ikhuphe ngexesha lencopho yangokuhlwa okanye ngeentsuku ezinamafu, ukonyusa ixabiso kutyalo-mali olukhoyo lwelanga. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zikholisa ukuzuza i-60% ukuya kwi-80% yokonga imali enkulu kunelanga lodwa.
Kwenzeka ntoni kwiibhetri ngexesha lokucima kombane?
Uninzi lweenkqubo zebhetri zorhwebo zinokuqhawula ngokuzenzekelayo kwigridi ngexesha lokucima kunye nomthwalo obalulekileyo wombane, ukubonelela ngamandla okugcina amandla ukongeza kwi-peak load sheving. Ubude bexesha lamandla agcinwayo buxhomekeke kumthamo webhetri kunye nomthwalo woncedo. Inkqubo ye-250 kWh enika amandla i-50 kW yemithwalo ebalulekileyo ibonelela ngeeyure ezintlanu zokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri ezisetyenziselwa ubukhulu becala ukutsheva komthwalo omkhulu zinokukhutshwa ngokuyinxenye xa ukucima kusenzeka, kucuthwe umthamo okhoyo wogcino. Iinkqubo zinokucwangciswa ukuze kugcinwe ubuncinci oovimba bentlawulo ngokukodwa ngeenjongo zokugcina.
Iinkqubo zokugcina ibhetri zihlala ixesha elingakanani?
Iibhetri zeLithium-ezokusetyenziswa kumthwalo omkhulu wokutsheva izicelo zihlala iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza. Obona bomi buxhomekeke kwiipateni zokusetyenziswa, ubunzulu bebhayisikile, ulawulo lobushushu, kunye nekhemistri yebhetri. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nemijikelo enzulu yokukhupha kukhawulezisa ukuthotywa, ngelixa iibhayisekile ezingenzulwanga kwandisa ubomi. Uninzi lweenkqubo zorhwebo ziquka iziqinisekiso ezithatha iminyaka eyi-10 okanye inani elichaziweyo lentlawulo{7}}lokukhupha imijikelo, rhoqo 5,000 ukuya 10,000 imijikelo. Emva kokufikelela esiphelweni sobomi bokutsheva komthwalo oyincopho, iibhetri zihlala zigcina umthamo we-70% ukuya kuma-80%, zizenza zilungele usetyenziso lwesibini olungafunwa kakhulu.
Incopho yokutsheva imele isicwangciso-qhinga esinyanzelisayo ngokwasezimalini kuso nasiphi na isixhobo esijongene neentlawulo zemfuno emandla. Indlela yokwenza isikali ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezincinci zorhwebo ukuya kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso, kunye namaxesha okuhlawula abhaliweyo kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithandathu kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko iimarike zombane ziguqukela kulwakhiwo lomgangatho ophucukileyo kunye neendleko zebhetri ziqhubeleka nokuhla, iinguqu zokusheva komthwalo ophakamileyo ukusuka kumlinganiselo ozikhethelayo wocikizeko ukuya kwicandelo elibalulekileyo lolawulo lwamandla orhwebo. Ukudityaniswa kwenkuthazo yezoqoqosho, ukukhula kobuchwepheshe, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo ibeka esi sicwangciso njengendlela eqhelekileyo yeendleko{3}}zabasebenzi abaziziko kwishumi leminyaka elizayo.