Ibhetri ye-megawatt e-1 kufuneka ifakwe kwiindawo ezinofikelelo kwigridi, indawo eyaneleyo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-1,000{7}}4,000 yeenyawo zesikweri), imvume efanelekileyo yokwahlula, kunye nenkxaso yezakhiwo. Iindawo zofakelo eziqhelekileyo zebhetri ye-megawatt ezi-1 ziquka izitishi zombane, izibonelelo zoshishino, iipropati zorhwebo, kunye neziza zokuvelisa amandla avuselelekayo. Eyona ndawo ixhomekeke kwimeko yakho yosetyenziso{8}ukuba yeyeenkonzo zegridi, ngasemva{9}}kwemitha yezicelo, okanye udibaniso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo.
IiNdawo zokuFakelo eziPhambili ngokuSebenzisa iNdawo
IziKhululo zoMbane
Izitishi zimele eyona ndawo icwangcisiweyo yosetyenziso{0}}kumlinganiselo oyi-1 megawatt ufakelo lwebhetri. Ezi sayithi sele zineziseko ezingundoqo zoqhagamshelo lwegridi, nto leyo inciphisa kakhulu iindleko zoqhagamshelo kunye nomgca wexesha.
Ukuba kufutshane nesikhululo esingaphantsi kunika uncedo oluninzi ngaphaya kokonga iindleko. Iziseko zombane-iziguquli, izixhobo zokutshintsha, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko{2}}sele zikhona kwaye zinikwe umlinganiselo wokuhamba kombane we-megawathi{3}}. Oku kuphelisa imfuno yophuculo olubiza kakhulu olunokongeza i-200,000 yeedola ukuya kwi-500,000 yeedola kwibhajethi yeprojekthi.
Abasebenzisi begridi baya bethanda isitishi esisezantsi{0}}esibekwe kwindawo yogcino kuba ibonelela ngenkxaso ekujoliswe kuyo apho igridi ifuna ubhetyebhetye kakhulu. Ibhetri ye-megawatt e-1 kwisitishi esingaphantsi inokusabela kunxaxhesho phakathi kweemilliseconds, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunemithombo yemveli yemveli. Idatha esuka kwi-ERCOT ibonisa ukuba iibhetri ezibonelela ngeenkonzo ezincedisayo kwiindawo ezisezantsi zifezekisa i-15-20% yezinto eziphezulu zamandla kunofakelo olukude.
Iimfuno ezisebenzayo zilula: uya kudinga malunga ne-0.02 ukuya kwi-0.1 yeehektare zesithuba ngaphakathi okanye kufuphi nepropati yesikhululo. Uninzi lwezixokelelwano ze-MW ezi-1 zifika njengeeyunithi ezinezikhongozelo{4}}ezona zixhobo zokuthumela ngenqanawa ezizaliswe ziintsimbi zebhetri, ii-inverters, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lobushushu. Ezi yunithi zifuna iphedi yekhonkrithi, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokucima umlilo.
Omnye umceli-mngeni ekufuneka uqatshelwe: iziza zesikhululo esingaphantsi zihlala zineemfuno ezingqongqo zofikelelo olusetyenziswayo kwaye zinokujongana namaxesha avumayo amade ngenxa yolungelelwaniso nabaqhubi bothumelo. Iiprojekthi zithatha iinyanga ezi-6-12 ukusuka ekukhethweni kwendawo ukuya ekugunyazisweni xa zibekwe kwizitishi esele zikhona.
Amaziko oShishino
Izityalo zokuvelisa kunye nemisebenzi yefektri enemfuno ephezulu yamandla imele enye indawo yofakelo oluphambili. Oku "ngasemva-kwe{2}}kwemitha" usetyenziso luvumela izibonelelo ukuba zisebenzise ibhetri ukucutha intlawulo yemfuno, ukuphuculwa komgangatho wamandla, kunye namandla okuxhasa ngexesha lokusilela kwigridi.
Iisayithi zemizi-mveliso ziyazuza ngokufakela i-1 megawatt iisistim zebhetri kwiimeko ezininzi ezithile. Izibonelelo ezineziko zombane ze-arc, izixhobo zokulungisa isinyithi, okanye imithwalo yemoto emikhulu namava okubaluleka okubalulekileyo abangela iintlawulo ezixabisa kakhulu. Ibhetri enobungakanani obufanelekileyo inokucheba ezi ncopho kwaye inciphise iindleko zombane zenyanga nge-30-40% kwezinye iimeko.
Indawo yentsimbi yeNucor e-Arizona ibonisa esi sicelo ngokufanelekileyo. I-50 MW yabo ngasemva-kwe{3}}yesixhobo sebhetri yeemitha (elingana namashumi amahlanu ananye eeyunithi ze-MW) izinzisa ujingi lwamandla amakhulu ukusuka kwiziko lombane le-arc. Olu fakelo lwehlisile ukutsala kwegridi kwaye lwaphucula isakhono seziko lokusebenza ngokupheleleyo.
Ukukhethwa kwesiza kwiipropati zemizi-mveliso kugxile ekusondeleni kwinkonzo yombane engundoqo kunye nokungena komoya okwaneleyo. Iisistim zebhetri zivelisa ubushushu ngexesha lokusebenza{1}}zifuna iinkqubo zokupholisa ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Ukufakela kufuphi neziseko ze-HVAC ezikhoyo kunokunciphisa iindleko zokufakela, kodwa indawo kufuneka igcine ukukhutshwa okufanelekileyo kwiindawo zokuvelisa ngenxa yeemfuno zekhowudi yomlilo.
Iimfuno zesithuba zixhomekeke kubumbeko lwenkqubo. A eqhelekileyo 1 MW/2 MWh isikhongozeli inkqubo ithatha malunga 320 iinyawo square (a 20 -unyawo ISO footprint), kunye nendawo eyongezelelweyo izithintelo ezifunekayo-ngokuqhelekileyo 10-20 iinyawo macala onke ukufikelela kwisebe lomlilo.
Iipropati zoRhwebo
Izakhiwo ezikhulu zorhwebo-amaziko edatha, izibhedlele, iidyunivesithi, kunye namaziko okuthenga{1}}aya ngokwanda ukuhlohla i-1 megawatt yeenkqubo zebhetri ukulawula iindleko zamandla kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwamandla. Olu fakelo luneenjongo ezimbini: ukunciphisa iindleko zombane ngexesha{4}}lokulusebenzisa{5}}lokulusebenzisa kunye nokubonelela ngamandla abalulekileyo axhasayo.
Amaziko edatha abonisa imeko yokusetyenziswa enyanzelekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zifuna ixesha le-24/7 kwaye zihlala zigcina iijeneretha zedizili ukuze zigcinwe. Ukongeza ibhetri ye-1 MW idala inkqubo yokugcinwa kwe-hybrid ephendula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokucima, ukunika iijenereyitha ixesha lokuqalisa ngelixa ugcina amandla angenamthungo kwiiseva. Le ndlela ibonakalise ukuthembeka ngaphezu kweejeneretha zodwa, ezinokuthatha imizuzwana ye-10-30 ukufikelela kwimveliso epheleleyo.
Ufakelo lwepropati yorhwebo lufuna ingqalelo ngokucophelela kwiikhowudi zokwakha kunye nemimiselo yokhuseleko lomlilo. Iinkqubo ezinkulu kuno-20 kWh kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zofakelo lwezorhwebo phantsi kweNFPA 855, elawula iinkqubo ezimileyo zokugcina amandla. Le migangatho ichaza imigama esezantsi yokwahlukana phakathi kwezivalo zebhetri (ngokuqhelekileyo iimitha ezi-6) kunye nesigunyaziso seenkqubo zokucima umlilo ezizenzekelayo.
Indawo phakathi kwepropati yorhwebo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ufakelo oluphezu kophahla lusebenza kwiisistim ezincinci kodwa alufane luthathe i-1 MW ngenxa yenkxalabo yobunzima bolwakhiwo -ezisistim zinobunzima obungama-20{5}}30 yeetoni. Ufakelo olukumgangatho ophantsi kwiindawo zokupakisha okanye kumhlaba ongasetyenziswanga lusebenza ngakumbi. Isiza sidinga ukufikelela kwilori ukuze kuhanjiswe (izikhongozeli zebhetri zifika kwiitreyila ezine-flatbed) kunye nesithuba sokufikelela kwisithuthi sikaxakeka.
Izibhedlele zimela esinye isicelo esibalulekileyo sorhwebo, apho ukuthembeka kwamandla ngokoqobo kusindisa ubomi. Amaziko onyango amaninzi asasaze iinkqubo ze-MW ezi-1 ukongeza kwiijenereyitha ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nebhetri ebonelela ngenkxaso ekhawulezileyo ngelixa iijenereyitha zijikeleza. Olu lungelelwaniso lunqanda uphazamiseko olufutshane lwamandla olwenzeka ngexesha lokuqaliswa kwejenereyitha.
ISolar kunye neFama yoMoya Co{0}}Indawo
Ukubhanqa ibhetri ye-megawatt e-1 kunye nokuveliswa okuvuselelekayo kuye kwaxhaphaka njengoko abaphuhlisi befuna ukwandisa ixabiso lemithombo yamandla ephakathi. Indawo yofakelo yezi sistim idla ngokusecaleni kwendawo yoqhagamshelo lwesibonelelo esihlaziyekayo.
Co-ugcino olukuyo lusombulula umceli mngeni ongundoqo ngelanga nomoya: imveliso yawo ayihambelani nemfuno. Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kufikelele incopho yasemini emaqanda xa amaxabiso ombane ehlala ephantsi, ngelixa iipateni zomoya zohluka ngendawo kunye nexesha lonyaka. Ibhetri ibamba ukuveliswa okugqithisileyo ngexesha eliphantsi{3}}lamaxabiso aphantsi kunye nokukhutshwa ngexesha eliphezulu{4}}ngeeyure zemfuno xa umbane uyalela amaxabiso eprimiyamu.
Uqoqosho lusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi kufakelo lwelanga kuluhlu lwe-2-5 MW-apho ibhetri eyi-1 MW inokugcina iiyure ezi-2-4 zemveliso epheleleyo. Iprojekthi yeSolar yaseDanish Fields eTotal Energies eTexas ingumzekelo wale ndlela, ngama-225 MWh ogcino lwebhetri oludityaniswe nama-720 MW womthamo welanga.
Ukukhetha isiza kwiinkqubo{0}}ezibekwe zijolise ekucutheni umgama phakathi kwesizukulwana kunye nogcino. Yonke imitha eyongezelelweyo yentambo yongeza iindleko kwaye yazisa ilahleko yombane. Uninzi lwabaphuhlisi lubeka isikhongozeli sebhetri ngaphakathi kweenyawo ze-100 ze-inverter pad, ukwabelana ngeendlela ezifanayo zokufikelela kunye neziseko zokhuseleko.
Olunye uqwalaselo olusebenzayo oluhlala lungahoywa: iisistim zebhetri zifuna ukupholiswa kwe-24/7 ngelixa iiphaneli zesola zivelisa kuphela emini. Oku kuthetha ukuqhuba iinkqubo zeHVAC ukusuka kumandla egridi okanye koovimba bebhetri ngobusuku. Isixokelelwano esifanelekileyo sokulinganisa iiakhawunti zolu mthwalo weparasitic, odla ngokutya i-1-3% yomthamo webhetri.
Igridi-IeProjekthi ezizimeleyo zokulinganisa
Ezinye iisistim zebhetri yemegawathi enye zisebenza njengeendawo zokugcina amandla ezizimeleyo, ezingadityaniswanga nemveliso okanye emva kwemitha yomthengi. Olu fakelo lubonelela ngeenkonzo zegridi ngokuthe ngqo kubaqhubi bothumelo bengingqi kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwiimarike zombane othengisiweyo.
Iiprojekthi ezizimeleyo zifuna inqobo yendawo eyahlukileyo kune-ufakelo olubekwe kwindawo. Olona qwalaselo luphambili lufikelelo lothumelo{2}}ngokukodwa, iindawo apho igridi idinga uguqulo olongezelelweyo okanye umthamo. Abaqhubi beegridi zengingqi bapapasha izifundo zoqhagamshelo ezichonga iindawo ezithintelweyo apho ukugcinwa kunokubonelela ngelona xabiso likhulu.
I-Texas ikhokela kwi-standalone battery deployment, kunye ne-6.4 GW elindeleke ukuba ifike kwi-intanethi ngexesha le-2024. Ezi projekthi zibeka ngokucwangcisiweyo apho ukuguquguquka kwexabiso lombane kuphezulu, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuba bahlulele ukungafani kwexabiso imini yonke. Idatha yembali esuka kwi-ERCOT ibonisa ukuba{3}}iibhetri ezibekwe kakuhle zinokufikelela kwingeniso yonyaka ye-$150-250 ngekW nganye kwi-arbitrage yamandla kuphela.
Iimfuno zomhlaba kwiiprojekthi ezizimeleyo zithobekile xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaziko okuvelisa umbane. Ugcino lwamandla luthatha malunga nehektare enye kwimegawathi nganye, xa kuthelekiswa neehektare ezili-12 kwizityalo zegesi yendalo. Lo mda ubambeneyo uvumela abaphuhlisi ukuba basebenzise iipasile ezincinci ezingenakho ukwamkela imveliso yemveli.
Isiza kufuneka sihlangabezane neemfuneko ezininzi zobugcisa: umgangatho womhlaba (imathambeka angaphantsi kwe-5 degrees ekhethwayo), ukhuseleko lwezandyondyo (isixhobo kufuneka sihlale ubuncinane inyawo enye ngaphezu kwe-100 leminyaka yezikhukhula), kunye nomthamo owaneleyo wokuthwala umhlaba kwiipads zekonkile. Uhlolo lokusingqongileyo ludla ngokuthatha iinyanga ezi-3-6 kwaye luphonononge iimpembelelo zendawo yokuhlala, uqwalaselo lwengxolo, kunye neziphumo zembonakalo kwiipropati ezikufutshane.
IiMfuno zeSiza eziBalulekileyo
I-Grid Connection Infrastructure
Eyona mfuno ibalulekileyo yobugcisa kuyo nayiphi na i-1 megawatt ufakelo lwebhetri kukukwazi ukudibanisa igridi eyaneleyo. Oku kudlulela ngaphaya kokuba nentambo yamandla ekufutshane{2}}umdibaniso kufuneka ulawule zombini ukutshaja (amandla okuthenga ngaphandle) kunye nokukhupha (amandla okuthumela ngaphandle) kwisikali esipheleleyo seemegawathi.
Iimfuno zoqhagamshelo ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lombane. Ukwabiwa- koqhagamshelo lwenqanaba (ngokwesiqhelo i-12-35 kV) isebenza ngasemva{4}}kwi{6}}yofakelo lombane olunceda umthengi omnye. Uthumelo{8}}loqhagamshelwano lwenqanaba (69 kV nangaphezulu) luyimfuneko kwiiprojekthi zegrid-scale ezithengisa iinkonzo kwintengiso yehoseyile.
Izifundo ze-Interconnection zivavanya ukuba igridi yasekhaya ingathwala ibhetri eyi-1 MW ngaphandle kokuphuculwa. Ezi zifundo zivavanya amandla okuguqula, ukulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo yokukhusela, kunye nemida yokushisa yezixhobo ezikhoyo. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-40 zeeprojekthi ezicetywayo zifuna inqanaba elithile lophuculo lwegridi, ukusuka kuhlengahlengiso oluncinci lokukhuselwa kwireyilayi ukuya kutshintsho olukhulu oluxabisa i-500,000 yeedola okanye ngaphezulu.
Umgca woqhagamshelo kwimimandla emininzi uye waba ngumqobo obalulekileyo. I-California, i-Texas, kunye ne-New York okwangoku ibonisa amaxesha okulinda aphakathi kweminyaka emi-2-4 ukusuka kwisicelo ukuya kumandla, kunye namakhulu eegigawatts zeeprojekthi ezifuna uxhulumaniso. Le nyaniso ithetha ukuba ukhetho lwesiza kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo kungekuphela nje ukufaneleka komzimba kodwa nendawo emgceni kunye namathuba okwamkelwa kwangexesha.
Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo kwisitishi esincinci luhlala lusemgangathweni wegolide, luthintela ezi ngxaki. Xa oko kungenzeki, iisayithi ezibekwe kwindawo "eziqinileyo" zegridi{1}}indawo ezinomthamo ophezulu okhoyo kunye neendlela ezininzi ezinxuseneyo{2}}zithande ukuba neenkqubo ezikhawulezayo, ezingabizi kakhulu zoqhagamshelo.
Ukuqwalaselwa kweSithuba kunye noYilo
Isixokelelwano sebhetri ye-megawathi esi-1 sihamba kakuhle ngaphaya kwesingxobo sebhetri ngokwaso. Ii-akhawunti zesicwangciso sesiza esibanzi sezixhobo, ucoceko olufunekayo, iindlela zokungena, kunye nendawo yokusebenza.
Esona sixhobo singundoqo sineebhetri zezindlu ezizii-inverters, ii-inverters, ii-transformers, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula eziziinyawo ezimbini okanye ezimbini. Isikhongozeli ngasinye sithatha malunga neemitha ezingama-320, kodwa iikhowudi zomlilo zigunyazisa ukwahlulwa okubalulekileyo. I-NFPA 855 kunye neendawo zolawulo zendawo zifuna i-10-20 yeenyawo zemvume kumacala onke ukufikelela kwisebe lomlilo, ngokufanelekileyo iphinda kabini indawo efunekayo.
Iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zendawo ziquka:
Iipadi zekhonkrithi ezifikelela kwi-2-3 yeenyawo ngaphaya kwemiphetho yesikhongozeli
Iindlela zokungena ezikwaziyo ukuxhasa iilori ezihambisa iiponti ezingama-80,000
Iphedi yokuguqula ukuba ayisebenzisi inkqubo edibeneyo
Ucingo lokhuseleko (ngokuqhelekileyo ikhonkco lekhonkco leenyawo ezi-6 ngocingo oluhlabayo)
Iimpawu zolawulo lwamanzi esitshi kwiindawo ezininzi
Ubume besiza bubalulekile njengendawo epheleleyo. Iipasile ezinde, ezimxinwa zenza imingeni yokufikelela kwisithuthi sikaxakeka kwaye zinokunyusa iindleko zokuqhuba umbane. Iziza ezixande ubuncinci buziimitha ezingama-60 ububanzi zibonelela ngendawo yokusebenza eyaneleyo ejikeleze izikhongozelo ngelixa zigcina ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokufanelekileyo.
I-Topography ichaphazela zombini iindleko zokufakela kunye{0}}nokusebenza kwexesha elide. Iziza zomgangatho zinciphisa iindleko zokuhlela kwaye ziqinisekise ukuthuthwa kwamanzi okufanelekileyo malunga nezixhobo zombane. Iziza ezinamabakala angaphezu kwe-5% zifuna i-terracing okanye iindonga zokugcina, zongeza i-$ 50,000- $ 150,000 kwiindleko zeprojekthi ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomhlaba.
Ulawulo lwe-Thermal kunye neMozulu
Ukusebenza kwebhetri kunye nobomi obude buxhomekeke ngokubalulekileyo ekugcineni amaqondo okushisa asebenzayo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-15-35 degree. Le mfuno ibumba ukhetho lwesiza ngeendlela ezingabonakali ngokukhawuleza.
Iinkqubo zeHVAC kwiibhetri ze-1 MW zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu{1} rhoqo ngama-20-40 kW ngokuqhubekayo. Kwiimozulu ezishushu ezifana ne-Arizona okanye i-Texas, imithwalo yokupholisa inokufikelela kwi-50 kW ngexesha leemeko eziphezulu zasehlotyeni. Oku kudala umngeni worhwebo{7}oluvaliweyo: ibhetri kufuneka igcine esayo amandla ukuze iqhube inkqubo yayo yokupholisa, icuthe amandla akhoyo emisebenzi yokuvelisa ingeniso.
Iingqwalasela zemozulu zidlulela ngaphaya kwamaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo. Amanqanaba okufuma achaphazela ixesha elide lecandelo kunye noyilo lwenkqubo yokucima umlilo. Ufakelo oluselunxwemeni lujongene nomhlwa womoya wetyuwa ofuna ukucaciswa kwezixhobo eziphuculweyo. Ufakelo lwemozulu ebandayo lufuna iinkqubo zokufudumeza kunye neekhemistri zebhetri ezahlukeneyo ezenza ngcono kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Ulawulo lwe-Thermal luqala ngokukhethwa kwendawo. Iindawo ezinomthunzi wendalo{1}}ukusuka kwizakhiwo esele zikhona okanye itopography{2}}ehlisa imithwalo yokupholisa. Nangona kunjalo, umthunzi awunakuphuma emithini okanye kwizinto ezinokutsha ngenxa yeemfuno zokubuyela emva komlilo. Abanye abaphuhlisi baqhelanisa izikhongozeli zokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo kumacala amade, ukunciphisa inzuzo yelanga nge-15-20%.
Ukuhamba komoya malunga nofakelo kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kokupholisa. Iziza ezivalelwe zizakhiwo okanye iindonga zibamba ubushushu, nto leyo enyanzela iinkqubo zeHVAC ukuba zisebenze nzima. Iisayithi ezivulekileyo ezinomoya ovuthuzayo zivumela ukulahla ubushushu obungcono, nangona umoya ogqithise kakhulu unokudala imiba yothuli efuna ukuhluzwa okongeziweyo kwizinto zokupholisa.
Imozulu embi kakhulu ibangela imingeni ethile. Iibhetri ezikwindawo enenkanyamba{1}}ethandwa kakhulu zidinga iindlela zokuzinzisa ezongeziweyo. Iindawo ezinomthwalo onzima wekhephu zifuna ukuqiniswa kwesakhiwo kunye neendlela zokufikelela ezishushu. Iindawo eziphantsi kwengqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo (ezantsi - }20 isidanga ) zinokufuna iikhemistri zebhetri ezifana ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) enyamezela amaqondo obushushu abanzi kune-lithium-ion eqhelekileyo.
Ukhuseleko loMlilo kunye noFikelelo oluNgxamisekileyo
Iimfuno zokhuseleko lomlilo zibumba ngokusisiseko indawo kunye nendlela i-1 megawatt yeenkqubo zebhetri ezinokufakelwa. Iibhetri zeLithium-zigcina uxinano olukhulu lwamandla, kwaye ngelixa iziganeko zokubaleka kwe-thermal zinqabile, iziphumo zifuna amanyathelo okhuseleko awomeleleyo.
I-NFPA 855 iseka imigangatho esisiseko yokukhusela umlilo kwiinkqubo ezimileyo zokugcina amandla. Iimfuno eziphambili ziquka:
Iinkqubo zokufumanisa umlilo ngokuzenzekelayo kunye noqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo kumasebe omlilo
Iinkqubo zokucutha umlilo (ngokwesiqhelo amanzi{0}ezisekwe kwiinkqubo zokutshiza zithelekelelwe 30+ imizuzu yokusebenza)
Izithintelo zobushushu phakathi kweendawo ezivaliweyo zebhetri xa iiyunithi ezininzi zifakiwe
Uqhushumbo lokukhupha iisistim ezinezingxobo
Ubuncinci be-20-foot yokwahlula kwizakhiwo ezinabantu
Ukufikelela kwisithuthi esingxamisekileyo kubonisa ukuba kubalulekile ngexesha lezehlo. Amasebe omlilo adinga zonke{1}}iindlela zemozulu ezikwaziyo ukuxhasa iilori zomlilo ezingama-75,000 eeponti, ezinobubanzi obuziimitha ezingama-40 ubuncinane. Iindawo ezininzi zasemaphandleni azinafikelelo ngokwaneleyo kwindlela, efuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo ekuphuculweni kofikelelo phambi kokuba zifumane iimpepha-mvume.
Unikezelo lwamanzi lokucima umlilo ludala esinye isithintelo sesiza. Imimandla emininzi ifuna ubuncinane iilitha eziyi-1,500 ngomzuzu kwiiyure ezi-2{4}}elingana ne-180,000 yeegaloni zizonke. Iziza zasezidolophini nasezidolophini zihlala ziqhagamshela kwiinkqubo zamanzi zikamasipala. Iindawo ezisemaphandleni zingadinga iitanki zokugcina amanzi okanye amachibi, zongeza i-$ 100,000-$ 300,000 kwiindleko zeprojekthi.
Isiganeko sikaMcMicken e-Arizona ngo-2019 sitshintshe ngokusisiseko indlela iimfuno zokhuseleko lomlilo ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Emva kokuba ugqabhuko-dubulo lwenzakalise abacimi-mlilo abane abasabela kumlilo weziko lebhetri, imimandla kwilizwe lonke yaqinisa iimfuno zokhuseleko kwaye yaqala ukufuna uvavanyo olubanzi lomngcipheko. Uninzi ngoku lugunyazisa iziphumo zovavanyo ze-UL 9540A ezibonisa ukuba ukubaleka kwe-thermal akusayi kusasaza phakathi kweerekhi zebhetri.
Uqeqesho lwabaphenduli bokuqala lube yimfuneko esemgangathweni kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokuvumela. Abaphuhlisi beprojekthi kufuneka banxibelelane namasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, babonelele ngoncedo{1}}izicwangciso zokuphendula ezithe ngqo, kwaye basoloko bexhasa ngemali uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwiingozi zenkqubo yebhetri. Olu thethathethwano noluntu lwandisa amaxesha eprojekthi ngeenyanga ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 kodwa kungqina ukuba kubalulekile ekufumaneni iimvume.
Iingqwalasela zoLawulo kunye noCando
Iimfuneko zemvume
Ukufakela ibhetri ye-1 MW kufuna ukukhangela imbonakalo-mhlaba evumelayo eyohluka kakhulu ngokwegunya. Inkqubo ibandakanya ii-arhente ezininzi kwaye inokuthatha naphi na ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-2.
Iipemethe zokwakha zenza isiseko semvume yolawulo. Inkqubo kufuneka ihambelane neekhowudi zokwakha zasekhaya, eziye zibhekiselele ngakumbi kwiNFPA 855 yofakelo lokugcina amandla. Eminye imimandla yolawulo ilungelelanise imigangatho yeNFPA ngokuthe ngqo kwimimiselo yasekhaya, ngelixa eminye igcina iimfuno ezahlukeneyo ezinokuba ngqongqo ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi.
Iimvume zombane zigubungela izixhobo zoqhagamshelo, iingcingo kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko. Olu phononongo luqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane (NEC) iSiqendu 706, esijongene ngqo neenkqubo zokugcina amandla. Ugunyaziwe wemvume{3}kaninzi isebe lokwakha lendawo okanye i-arhente karhulumente{4}}iya kuphonononga{5}}umzobo womgca omnye, izicwangciso zokumisa, kunye neziqinisekiso zezixhobo.
Iimvume zokusingqongileyo ziba yimfuneko xa ukulungiswa kwesiza kubandakanya ukuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo komhlaba. Iiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwehektare enye zifuna izicwangciso zolawulo lwamanzi emvula kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula ukhukuliseko. Amanye amazwe agunyazisa uvavanyo lwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo kulo naluphi na ugcino lwamandla ngaphezu kwe-200 MWh, nangona iinkqubo ze-MW ezi-1 zihlala zingaphantsi kwalo mqobo ngaphandle kokuba zimiselwe ixesha elide kakhulu.
Iimvume zokusebenzisa okukodwa okanye iimvume zosetyenziso olunemiqathango ziya zixhaphaka ngakumbi kufakelo lwebhetri, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala okanye ezixubeneyo-zezithili zokusebenzisa izowuni. La maphepha-mvume anokuvela anika iibhodi zocwangciso zasekuhlaleni ulawulo olubonakalayo ekuvunyweni kweprojekthi, esoloko ifuna iindibano zovakaliso-zimvo kunye nokuvumela igalelo loluntu. Le nkqubo yongeza iinyanga ezi-3-6 kodwa ayinakuthintelwa kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo.
Isivumelwano soqhagamshelo kunye nento esetyenziswayo simele olunye ulwamkelo olubalulekileyo, nangona ngokobuchwepheshe ingeyiyo "imvume." Le khontrakthi ilawula indlela ibhetri edibanisa ngayo kwigridi, zeziphi iinkonzo ezinokunikezela, kwaye ngubani ophethe uxanduva lokukhusela inkqubo. Uthethathethwano lwemiqathango yoqhagamshelo luhlala luthatha ixesha elide kunokufumana iimvume zemveli-iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-18 ziqhelekile.
UCando kunye nokusetyenziswa koMhlaba
Imimiselo yezowuni imisela apho ugcino lwebhetri lungafakelwa kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwemimiselo yocando lwabhalwa ngaphambi kokuba ugcino lwamandla luqheleke, ludala ukungaqiniseki kunye nokungahambelani kuyo yonke imimandla.
Imimandla yoshishino neyorhwebo ngokubanzi ivumela ugcino lwamandla njengenqununu okanye i-accessory yosetyenziso. Izithili zokwenza imveliso, iipaki zoshishino, kunye neepaseji eziluncedo zivumela ukufakelwa kwe-MW e-1 kunye nezithintelo ezincinci ngaphaya kothintelo oluqhelekileyo kunye nemida yobude.
-usetyenziso oluxubeneyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala zinika imiceli mngeni emininzi. Eminye imimandla iyakunqanda ukugcinwa kwamandla ngokupheleleyo kwezi ndawo, ngelixa ezinye zivumela ngeemvume ezikhethekileyo ezinemiqathango engqongqo. Iimfuno zokubuyisela umva kwiindawo zokuhlala zingamandundu{3}}ngamanye amaxesha zifune iinyawo ezingama-500 okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka kwizakhiwo ekuhlala kuzo abantu{5}}ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukufakela kwiindawo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo.
Izowuni yezolimo idala amathuba anomdla, ngakumbi kufakelo lweebhetri ezidityaniswe ne-agrivoltaics okanye iiprojekthi zelanga zasemaphandleni. Iizowuni ezininzi zeefama zivumela izibonelelo zamandla njengesixhobo sokusetyenziswa, nangona abamelwane banokuphakamisa iinkxalabo malunga nengxolo evela kwiinkqubo zokupholisa okanye iimpembelelo ezibonakalayo ezivela kwizibane zokhuseleko.
Izicelo zomahluko wezowuni ziba yimfuneko xa ufakelo olucetywayo lungafikeleli kwiimfuno zekhowudi esele zikhona. Ezi zicelo zijongana neziphumo ezingaqinisekanga kwaye zifuna ukubonisa ukuba usetyenziso aluyi konakalisa iipropati ezingqongileyo{1}}ingxoxo ecela umngeni enikwa iinkxalabo zoluntu malunga nomngcipheko womlilo. Amazinga okuphumelela kwizicelo eziguquguqukayo ahluka ngokubanzi, ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-10% kwiindawo ezilumkileyo ukuya ngaphezu kwe-60% kwiindawo ezixhasa ngokusebenzayo amandla avuselelekayo.
Iimfuno zokubuyisela umva zilawula iingxoxo zocando lwemida. Ngaphaya kwemvume yokufikelela komlilo yeenyawo ezingama-20 ekhankanywe ngaphambili, imimandla emininzi ibeka ukusilela okongeziweyo ukusuka kwimigca yepropathi (ngokuqhelekileyo i-10-50 iinyawo) kunye nezamkeli ezibuthathaka njengamakhaya, izikolo, okanye izibhedlele (ngamanye amaxesha 500+ iinyawo). Ezi mfuno zinokwenza ukuba iipasile ezincinci zingasebenzi kufakelo lwe-1 MW.
Ukwahluka kwegunya
Indlela yokulawula yokugcina ibhetri yohluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe naphakathi kweengingqi ezingabamelwane. Ukuqonda oku kwahluka kubalulekile ekukhetheni indawo.
I-California iye yahlengahlengisa imvume yokugcina amandla ekuphenduleni kwiithagethi zokusasazwa ezinobundlobongela. IKhowudi yeMigangatho yoKwakha yelizwe ibandakanya izibonelelo ezithile zofakelo lwebhetri, kwaye iindawo ezininzi ziye zamkela iinkqubo zokuvumela okusemgangathweni. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingingqi ezifana neKern kunye neLos Angeles ziye zabeka uthintelo olukhulu okanye ukumiswa ngelixa kusenziwa imigaqo emitsha, kudala iipokotho zokusasazwa okunzima.
I-Texas ithatha-izandla ezingaphezulu, ngolawulo olulinganiselweyo lwelizwe{1}} kunye nolawulo olubalulekileyo lwengingqi. Oku kudala amathuba kwezinye iindawo kodwa ukungaqiniseki kwezinye. Izixeko ezifana ne-Austin zineendlela ezicacileyo zokugcina amandla, ngelixa iingingqi zasemaphandleni zisenokungabi nayo nayiphi na imimiselo esebenzayo, ukunyanzelisa imeko{4}}nge{5}}izigqibo zetyala.
I-New York iphuhlise imigangatho yokhuseleko olubanzi ngokusebenzisa i-2024 yokulungiswa kweKhowudi yoMlilo, kubandakanywa neemfuno zokuphononongwa koontanga ngokuzimeleyo kweenkqubo ezidlula imilinganiselo ethile yamandla. Urhulumente ufuna kwakhona ukuba abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo bafumaneke kwiiyure ze-4 ukuxhasa abaphenduli bexakeka ngexesha lezehlo.
I-Indiana iphumeze umthetho ngo-2023 idala inkqubo-sikhokelo yolawulo ethile eluncedo{1}}kwizinga lokugcina ibhetri ngaphezulu kwe-1 MW. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuthotyelwa kwe-NFPA 855 kwaye useka imigangatho yelizwe lonke ethintela imimiselo ethile yasekuhlaleni{5}}ibonelela ngengqiniseko ethe kratya kubaphuhlisi kodwa inciphisa amagunya asekuhlaleni.
Umngeni wemimiselo engahambelaniyo udlulela kwiikhowudi zomlilo. Ngelixa iNFPA 855 ibonelela ngomgangatho wesizwe, ukwamkelwa komntwana kuhlala ngokuzithandela kwaye ukuphunyezwa kuyahluka. Abanye abacimi-mlilo banyanzelisa ngokungqongqo ilungiselelo ngalinye, ngelixa abanye bethatha indlela ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi esekelwe kwindawo-yovavanyo oluthile lomngcipheko.
Isakhelo seSigqibo soVavanyo lweSiza
Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo lobuGcisa
Ukuvavanywa kweendawo ezinokubakho zofakelo lwebhetri ye-1 MW kufuna uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobugcisa. Injongo kukuchonga iindawo ezilungelelanisa iindleko, ukusebenza, kunye nokwenzeka kokulawula.
Ubuchule boqhagamshelwano lwegridi limi njengesihluzo sokuqala. Iziza ezingenamandla akufutshane aphakathi okanye aphezulu{1}}amandla ombane azifane zingqineke zisebenza ngenxa yeendleko ezongeziweyo ezinokudlula kwi- $1 yesigidi ngemayile. Uvavanyo lwesiza kufuneka luqale ngokwenza imephu yezikhululo ezincinci kunye neentambo zothumelo ngaphakathi kweradiyasi yeemayile ezi-2, emva koko kuvavanywe umthamo okhoyo ngolungelelwaniso oluluncedo okanye idatha yoqhagamshelo loluntu.
Umhlaba okhoyo umisela iinketho zokumisela inkqubo. Bala unyawo lulonke oluquka izikhongozeli zebhetri (320-640 iinyawo zesikwere), ucoceko olufunekayo (yongeza iinyawo ezingama-20-40 macala onke), iindlela zokungena (iinyawo ezingama-20-25 ububanzi), kunye neepadi zezixhobo (i-transformer, i-switchgear). Ubuncinci obusebenzayo yi-0.25 yeehektare (malunga ne-11,000 yeenyawo zesikwere) kufakelo lwesikhongozeli esinye se-1 MW, nangona iihektare eziyi-0.5 zibonelela ngokuguquguquka ngakumbi.
Iimeko zomhlaba zichaphazela uyilo lwesiseko kunye neendleko. Izikhongozeli zebhetri zinobunzima beetoni ezingama-30 xa zilayishwe ngokupheleleyo, zifuna iipadi zekhonkrithi ezisasaza obu bunzima ngokufanelekileyo. Umhlaba wodongwe onokucutheka okuphezulu -ukudumba okunokubakho ufuna iziseko ezinzulu okanye ngaphezulu{4}}ukwembiwa kunye nokugcwaliswa kolwakhiwo, ukongeza i-$30,000-$60,000. I-Bedrock ekufutshane nomphezulu yonyusa iindleko zokwemba kodwa ibonelela ngomthamo obalaseleyo wokuthwala. Uphando olusisiseko lwe-geotechnical luxabisa i-$5,000-$15,000 kodwa luthintele izinto ezothusayo ezibiza kakhulu ngexesha lolwakhiwo.
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko wezikhukula alunakutsitywa. Izixhobo kufuneka zihlale ngaphezu kwe-100{3}}umphakamo wonyaka wezikhukhula, kwaye kukhethwa ngaphezu kwama-500{6}}inqanaba lonyaka ukwenzela ukomelela kwexesha elide. Iziza ezikwithafa lezandyondyo zifuna izifundo ezineenkcukacha ze-hydrologic kwaye zinokufuna amaqonga aphakamileyo, zonyusa kakhulu iindleko zofakelo. Iimephu zesikhukula ze-FEMA zibonelela ngovavanyo lokuqala, kodwa uhlalutyo lwendawo ethile luyimfuneko kuyilo lokugqibela.
Iziseko zophuhliso ezikhoyo zibonelela ngeenzuzo zeendleko. Iziza ezinenkonzo yombane ekhoyo, ukufikelela kwindlela, kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanzi kunokugcina i-$ 100,000-$ 250,000 kwiindleko zophuhliso xa kuthelekiswa neendawo eziluhlaza. Iziza zemizi-mveliso ezilahliweyo zihlala zibonelela ngeemeko ezigqwesileyo, ezinemihlaba emdaka engcolisekileyo ifanele ukufumana izibonelelo zokucoca ezihlawulela iindleko ezithile zophuhliso.
Imiba yezoQoqosho
Ukuphumelela koqoqosho lweendawo ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kuzo zombini iindleko zenkunzi kunye nokusebenza kwengeniso enokwenzeka. Ezi zinto ziyohluka kakhulu ngendawo kunye nemeko yokusetyenziswa ekujoliswe kuyo.
Ukufunyanwa komhlaba okanye iindleko zokuqeshisa zidala uthelekiso olusisiseko lwezoqoqosho. Amaxabiso okuthenga asusela kwi-$5,000 ngehektare nganye kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-$500,000 ngehektare nganye kwiindawo zasedolophini/ezidolophini. -Iingqeshiso zomhlaba zexesha elide (20{13}}iminyaka engama-30) zibiza i-$1,000{14}}i-$5,000 ngehektare nganye ngonyaka kwiziza zasemaphandleni, ezinemilinganiselo ephezulu kufutshane namaziko oluntu. Ufakelo olungemva kwemitha luhlala lusebenzisa ipropathi esele ikhona yabathengi, ukuphelisa iindleko zomhlaba ngokupheleleyo.
Iindleko zoqhagamshelo zimele ezona ndleko zininzi ziguquguqukayo phakathi kweziza. Uqhagamshelo olulula kwisitishi esikhoyo lungaxabisa i-$50,000{7}}$150,000. Iindawo ezifuna iinguqu ezintsha, i-switchgear, okanye izandiso zomgca zinokubona iindleko ezidlula i-500,000 yeedola. Uqikelelo lweendleko zenkonzo{8}ebonelelweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokufunda yoqhagamshelo-kufuneka ichaphazele kakhulu kuqoqosho lokukhetha indawo.
Ingeniso yengeniso iyahluka ngokusekwe kwindawo engaphakathi kwigridi kunye namathuba akhoyo emarike. Iisayithi kuthumelo{1}}kwiindawo ezithintelweyo ziyalela amaxabiso aphezulu omthamo kunye neenkonzo zamandla. ERCOT kaThixo West Texas kummandla, umzekelo, ibonisa avareji imini -amaxabiso angaphambili ukusasazeka kwe $60-$80 MWh nganye, lo gama Houston-area sites ukubona ukusasazeka $40-$50 MWh nganye. Lomahluko we-$10-$30 we-MWh nganye uvelisa i-$35,000-$105,000 kwingeniso yonyaka eyongezelelweyo ye-1 MW yebhayisekile yebhetri yonke imihla.
Isikali seendleko zokusebenza ezineempawu zesayithi. Iindawo zasezidolophini zineendleko eziphezulu zokhuseleko kodwa ukufikelela okungcono kulondolozo. Iziza zasemaphandleni zifuna amaxesha amade okuhamba kwiifowuni zeenkonzo, ukonyusa iindleko zokugcinwa kwesiqhelo ngama-20-30%. Iimozulu ezishushu zonyusa iindleko zokupholisa-indawo ePhoenix inokuchitha i-$15,000-$20,000 ngonyaka ngaphezulu kwamandla e-HVAC kunokufakwa okufanayo eSeattle.
Iinkuthazo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ichaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lwesayithi. Ityala leRhafu yoTyalo-mali lomanyano (ITC) lisebenza kwiibhetri ezihlawuliswa amandla ahlaziyekayo, ibonelela nge-30-40% inzuzo yangaphambili ngo-2032. Inqanaba lenkuthazo yelizwe{4}}lohluka kakhulu{5}}iCalifornia ibonelela ngeNkqubo yeNkuthazo yeSelf-Generation (SGIP) izaphulelo eziya kuthi ga kwi-k. ukuthatha inxaxheba.
Ukuphathwa kwerhafu yepropati kuyahluka ngokolawulo kwaye kuchaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho - lwexesha elide. Amanye amazwe akhulula ukugcinwa kwamandla kwirhafu yepropathi, ngelixa amanye avavanya ixabiso elipheleleyo lemarike. Irhafu yonyaka yepropathi inokuqala ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya ngaphezulu kwe $20,000 ngeMW nganye ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo-into edibanisa iminyaka engama-20 yobomi beprojekthi.
I-Risk Assessment Matrix
Isiza ngasinye esinokubakho sithwala iiprofayili zomngcipheko ezahlukeneyo kuwo wonke ubugcisa, ulawulo, kunye nemilinganiselo yorhwebo. Uvavanyo lomngcipheko olucwangcisiweyo luthintela ukusilela okunexabiso elikhulu kunye nokulahlwa kweprojekthi.
Umngcipheko wokhuseleko lomlilo uxhomekeke kwindawo yokufakela kunye nokusondela kwi-receptors ebuthathaka. Iziza ezimelene neendawo zokuhlala zijongene nokuphononongwa ngokumandla kunye nenkcaso yabahlali. Iindawo ezingaphakathi kweepaki zemizi-mveliso okanye iipaseji eziluncedo zihlangabezana neenkxalabo ezimbalwa. Umgama ukusuka kwizakhiwo ekuhlala kuzo kuchaphazela kakhulu zombini ukuvumela ubunzima kunye nokuvezwa kwetyala okunokwenzeka. Iiprojekthi ezigcina 200+ iinyawo ukusuka emakhayeni ziqhuba kakuhle kakhulu kunezo zikufutshane.
Umngcipheko wolawulo uyahluka ngokwerekhodi yolawulo kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla. Iindawo ezineeprojekthi ezininzi ezivunyiweyo kunye neekhowudi ezicacileyo zibonisa umngcipheko ophantsi. Amagunya olawulo athathela ingqalelo ukumiswa okanye ukunqongophala kwebhetri{2}}imithetho ethile ithwala ukungaqiniseki okuphezulu. Jonga ukuba amagosa asekuhlaleni alufumene na uqeqesho malunga nokhuseleko lwebhetri{4}abacimi-mlilo abangaqeqeshwanga kwaye abahloli bezakhiwo bahlala belibazisa iiprojekthi ngokungenasiphelo ngeenkxalabo ezingenasihlahla.
Umngcipheko wokwamkelwa koluntu unokuphazamisa neeprojekthi ezivakalayo zobugcisa. Iindawo ezinenkcaso esebenzayo kuphuhliso lwamashishini, iiprojekthi eziphikisanayo ngaphambili, okanye amaqela e-NIMBY alungelelanisiweyo afuna ukufikelela ngokubanzi kunye nemfundo. Iiprojekthi eziphumeleleyo kwezi ndawo zihlala zityala imali kwiinyanga ezi-6-12 kunxibelelwano noluntu ngaphambi kokufaka iimvume. Iindawo ezikwiindawo eziqhelene neziseko zoncedo zijongene nomngcipheko omncinci woluntu.
Amaziko omngcipheko wokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo kwiintlobo ezisengozini yokuphela, imigxobhozo, kunye nemithombo yenkcubeko. Ukuhlolwa kokusingqongileyo kwidesktop kusetyenziswa oovimba beenkcukacha abakhoyo bachonga imiba enokubakho kwangethuba. Iziza ezinezityalo ezikhuselweyo eziqinisekisiweyo okanye imigxobhozo ebalulekileyo ifuna imilinganiselo yokunciphisa ebanzi (kunye nexabiso eliphezulu). Uphando lwemithombo yenkcubeko luba yimfuneko kwiindawo ezinovakalelo lwe-archaeological{3}}ukulibaziseka kweenyanga ezi-6-12 ayiqhelekanga xa kufunyenwe izinto zakudala.
Umngcipheko woqhagamshelo uvela kwimithintelo yomthamo wegridi kunye nokuphendula koncedo. Eminye imimandla eluncedo iseke iinkqubo zoqhagamshelo ezilungelelanisiweyo, ngelixa ezinye zigcina iinkqubo ze-opaque ezandisa amaxesha ngamaxesha ngokungalindelekanga. Phonononga umgca woqhagamshelo ukuze uvavanye amaxesha amisiweyo okuvuma. Imigca ebonisa 3+ iminyaka esemva ibonisa umngcipheko omkhulu wokulibaziseka kweprojekthi nokuba uthini na umgangatho wesiza.
Umngcipheko wekhonkco lonikezelo luchaphazela ukhetho lwesiza ngeendlela ezifihlakeleyo. Iindawo ezikude zonyusa iindleko zothutho kwaye zinciphisa ukufumaneka kwekontraka. Iindawo ezingenayo ukufikelela kwi-crane zifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuphakamisa. Iindawo ezinomda wolwakhiwo lwemozulu embi{3}}indawo eAlaska inokuba neenyanga ezi-4 kuphela{5}}zemozulu ezi-5 ezilungele ukufakela, ngokuchasene nolwakhiwo lonyaka wonke kwimozulu ephakathi.
Iindlela zokuFakelo eziNgcono
ULungiselelo lwesiza
Ukulungiswa kwesiza okufanelekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba ufakelo luqhuba kakuhle okanye ludibana nokulibaziseka okubiza imali eninzi. Inkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha iiveki ezi-4-8 ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekulungiseleleni ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo.
Ukucoca kunye nokuhlelwa kudala isiseko sofakelo oluyimpumelelo. Uhlaza kufuneka lususwe kwindawo yesixhobo kunye nomjikelezo ongama-20-eenyawo zokuhambisa amanzi kunye nokufikelela. Ukuhlelwa kufuneka kuzuze amathambeka e-1-2% yokuhambisa amanzi ngelixa ukugcinwa kweendawo ezikumgangatho ophantsi kwezixhobo-iibhetri zifuna umgangatho wepads ngaphakathi kwe-1/4 intshi ngaphezu kweenyawo ezili-10 ukuthintela uxinzelelo kwiisistim zokunyuswa.
Umsebenzi obambekayo ufuna ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha. Iipadi zezixhobo zidinga i-6 -8 intshi yekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo kunye nobuncinci beentsuku ezingama-28 zamandla oxinzelelo lwe-3,000 psi. Ukungena kombhobho ngepadi kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukungenelela kwamanzi avaliweyo ngokusebenzisa i-conduits kubangela umhlwa kunye neziphene zombane. Iibholiti ze-ankile ezifakwe kwikhonkrithi kufuneka zihambelane ngokuchanekileyo neendawo zokuxhoma izikhongozeli; ukungahambi kakuhle nge-intshi ye-1/2 kunokuthintela ukufakela.
Ufakelo olusebenza phantsi komhlaba lwenzeka phambi kokuba kugalelwe ikhonkrithi. Oku kuquka imibhobho yombane esuka kwindawo yokudibanisa igridi kwindawo yebhetri, imigca yonxibelelwano yokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula, kunye neentambo zamanzi zokucima umlilo xa kuyimfuneko. I-trenching kufuneka igcine i-3-foot encinci yokwahlula phakathi kwamandla kunye neentambo zonxibelelwano ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka.
Iziseko zokuhanjiswa kwamanzi zithintela amanzi amileyo anokuthi ajongele phantsi iziseko kunye nokudala iingozi zokhuseleko. Imijelo yokuntywila okanye imijelo yokuhambisa amanzi iqondisa ukubaleka kude neendawo zezixhobo. Eminye imimandla ifuna izitya zokuvalela okanye iinkqubo zokungena ukuze zilawule amanzi esitshi{2}}ezi kufuneka ziyilwe ziinjineli ezinelayisenisi kwaye zivunyelwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ukwakhiwa kwendlela yokufikelela kuhlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi: ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo, ukugcinwa kwesiqhelo, kunye nokufikelela kwisithuthi sikaxakeka. Iindlela ezinikezela ngeelori eziziiponti ezingama-80,000 zidinga i-intshi ezi-6-8 zesiseko segrabile esixineneyo esine-curve radii eyaneleyo (ubuncinci buziimitha ezingama-40 ngaphakathi kweradiyasi). Iindlela zofikelelo olungxamisekileyo kufuneka zigcine ububanzi beenyawo ezingama-20 kunye nokujika yonke iimitha ezili-150 ngokweemfuno zekhowudi yomlilo.
Ufakelo locingo lulandela ukulungiswa kwesiza kwaye lwandulela ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo. -Inyawo zekhonkco zekhonkco elineengalo zocingo oluhlabayo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezininzi zokhuseleko. Amasango kufuneka avumele ukungena kwilori{3}ubuncinci buziimitha ezili-16 ububanzi kwizithuthi ezihambisayo. Ezinye iisayithi zongeza izithintelo zezithuthi ukunqanda ukungena kwesithuthi esingagunyaziswanga ngelixa uvumela ukungena kwabahambi ngeenyawo ukuze kulungiswe.
Ukubekwa kwezixhobo
Ukuma okubonakalayo kwezikhongozeli zebhetri, iziguquli, kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo kuchaphazela ukusebenza kokusebenza kunye nokuthotyelwa kokhuseleko. Uyilo olucingisisiweyo luthintela iingxaki ezibiza kakhulu ukulungisa emva kofakelo.
Imiba yokuqhelaniswa nesikhongozeli solawulo lobushushu. Amacala amade kufuneka ajonge emantla{1}}emazantsi kwiziza ezisemantla wehemisphere ukucutha ukuba sesichengeni selanga ngokuthe ngqo ngeeyure zobushushu obuphezulu. Oku kunciphisa imithwalo yokupholisa nge-10-15% xa kuthelekiswa nempuma-ukuqhelaniswa nentshona. Nangona kunjalo, ulwalathiso lomoya olukhoyo lusenokodlula iingqwalasela zelanga-izikhongozeli zokubeka indawo ngokuthe ngqo kwimimoya ekhoyo iphucula ukupholisa kwendalo.
Ukuthotyelwa kokubuyisela umva kufuna umlinganiselo wononophelo ngexesha loyilo. Phawula yonke imigca yokubuyisela umva efunekayo kwizicwangciso zesiza phambi kokuseka iindawo zezixhobo. Iikhowudi zomlilo zigunyazisa 10-inyawo ezingama-20 zendawo ecacileyo ejikeleze izikhongozeli-oku kuthetha ukuba akukho zithuthi, zityalo, okanye imathiriyeli inokuthatha le ndawo. Ukulinganisa ukusuka kwimida yangaphandle yezikhongozelo, kungekhona kwi-pad edges, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa.
Ufakelo lwezikhongozeli ezininzi lufuna isithuba esifanelekileyo phakathi kweeyunithi. I-NFPA 855 ifuna i-6 yeemitha (malunga ne-20 iinyawo) phakathi kweevalo zebhetri ngaphandle kokuba imiqobo ephakathi komlilo{4} iyazahlula. Esi sithuba sithintela ukwanda komlilo phakathi kweeyunithi ngexesha leziganeko zokubaleka ngokushushu. Iziza ezinendawo elinganiselweyo zingasebenzisa iyure eyi-1-iindonga ezilinganiswe nomlilo weyure ukunciphisa ukwahlukana ukuya kwiinyawo ezili-10, nangona oku kongeza i-$15,000-$30,000 ngodonga ngalunye kwiindleko zokwakha.
Ukubekwa kweTransformer kulinganisa ukusebenza kombane kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwengxolo. Iziguquli kufuneka zijonge kufutshane nezikhongozeli zebhetri (ngaphakathi kweemitha ezingama-50) ukunciphisa ukubaleka kweentambo kunye nokuhla kwamandla ombane. Nangona kunjalo, iifeni zokupholisa zetransformer zivelisa 60-70 dB yengxolo{5}zibeke kude nemigca yepropathi kufutshane neendawo ezingeva ngxolo. Izithintelo ze-Acoustic zibonelela ngokunciphisa ingxolo eyongezelelweyo kodwa zibiza i-$ 5,000-$ 10,000 nge-transformer nganye.
Indlela yentambo phakathi kwezixhobo isebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo-iindlela ezingcwatyiweyo okanye iitreyi zentambo. Umngcwabo othe ngqo uxabisa kancinci kodwa wenza nzima uhlengahlengiso lwexesha elizayo. Iitreyi zekhebhula zibonelela ngokuguquguquka kunye nokugcinwa lula kodwa zibiza 30-40% ngaphezulu ekuqaleni. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, gcina ukwahlukana phakathi -kweentambo ze-AC eziphezulu kunye ne-low-voltage control wiring ukunqanda ukuphazamiseka kombane.
Izixhobo zokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula zihlala zifakela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezivaliweyo zemozulu kufuphi nezikhongozeli zebhetri. Ezi nkqubo zifuna ukukhuselwa kwendalo kodwa hayi umgangatho ofanayo wolawulo lwe-thermal njengeebhetri. Fumana iiphaneli zolawulo apho abaqhubi besayithi banokufikelela kuzo ngokukhuselekileyo{2}}kude{3}}kude nesixhobo sombane ophezulu kunye nokukhanya okwaneleyo kwinkonzo{4}}yasebusuku.
Ukudityaniswa neeNkqubo eZikhoyo
Ukuqhagamshela ibhetri ye-1 MW kwiziseko zombane ezikhoyo kufuna ulungelelwaniso olunenkathalo kunye nezikim zokhuseleko olululo. Ukuhlanganiswa okungalunganga kubangela iingxaki zokusebenza ukusuka kwiihambo eziphazamisayo ukuya kumonakalo wezixhobo.
Ulungelelwaniso lokuhanjiswa kokhuseleko luqinisekisa ukuba iziphene zihlukaniswa ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inkqubo ebanzi. Iibhetri ziphendula ngokwahlukileyo kunejenereyitha zakwantu{1}zinokuba negalelo kwimisinga ephezulu kakhulu (idla ngokuba yi-10x amandla alinganisiweyo) ixesha elifutshane. Iinjineli zokhuseleko kufuneka zibonise ezi mpawu kwaye zilungelelanise iisetingi zokudluliselwa ngokufanelekileyo. Olu hlalutyo luxabisa i-$ 15,000- $ 25,000 kodwa lukhusela umonakalo wezixhobo kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka.
Iinkqubo zokubeka phantsi zifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kunye nofakelo lwebhetri. Icala le-DC lenkqubo lifuna ukusekwa okwahlukileyo ukusuka kwicala le-AC, ekugqibeleni zombini zidibanise kwigridi yomhlaba eqhelekileyo. Isiseko esingafanelekanga sidala imisinga ejikelezayo eyonakalisa izixhobo kunye nokudala ubungozi bokhuseleko. Ukumelana nomhlaba kufuneka kulinganise ngaphantsi kwe-5 ohms{4}}indawo ezinomhlaba onamatye okanye iimeko ezomileyo zinokufuna iintonga ezinzulu zomhlaba okanye ukuphuculwa kwemichiza yomhlaba.
Ukudityaniswa kwenkqubo yonxibelelwano kwenza ukubeka iliso nokulawula kude. Uninzi lweebhetri zisebenzisa iiseli okanye uqhagamshelo lwefayibha ukusasaza idatha, efuna amandla omqondiso owaneleyo okanye ukupheliswa kwefayibha ebonakalayo kwisiza. Ukudityaniswa nenkqubo yeSCADA eluncedo{2}}iyimfuneko kwigridi{3}}ufakelo oluqhagamshelweyo{4}}ifuna iprothokholi ekhuselekileyo kunye nokuthobela iimfuno eziluncedo zokhuseleko lonxibelelwano. Lindela iinyanga ze-3-6 zokuphononongwa kokhuseleko lwe-IT kunye nokuphunyezwa.
Isixhobo songqamaniso siqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri iqhagamshela kwigridi ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphazamiseka. Iziguquli zala maxesha zibandakanya igridi{1}}ekukwenza amandla ahambelana namandla ombane, amaza, kunye nesigaba ngokuzenzekelayo. Nangona kunjalo, izivumelwano zoqhagamshelo eziluncedo zihlala zifuna ulungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo -jonga iireyidi eziqinisekisa iimeko phambi kokuvala izaphuli. Ezi zixhobo zibiza i-$ 8,000-$ 15,000 kwaye zifuna uqwalaselo olufanelekileyo.
Inkqubo yokulawula inkqubo imisela indlela ibhetri ephendula ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Iimowudi zokusebenza ziquka ukucheba okuphezulu, ukulawulwa ngamaza, inkxaso yombane, kunye namandla okugcina irekhodi{1}}nganye ifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo ngokugunyazisa iimvavanyo kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo iphendula ngokuchanekileyo phambi kokuba amandla. Olu vavanyo ludla ngokufuna iiveki ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2 ngeenjineli ezikhethekileyo.
Ukuqwalaselwa kokuSebenza
IiMfuno eziQhubekayo zoLondolozo
Inkqubo yebhetri ye-megawatt e-1 ifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nobomi obuphezulu. Ngokungafaniyo nesizukulwana semveli esidinga inkonzo enzulu, ukugcinwa kwebhetri kulula kodwa kuseyimfuneko.
Iishedyuli zokulondolozwa kothintelo zidla ngokufuna uhlolo lwekota. Amagcisa ajonga iilogi zenkqubo yokulawula ibhetri, aqinisekise ukuba izinzwa zobushushu zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye zihlole iimeko zomzimba. Ulondolozo lonyaka luquka uvavanyo lwecandelo oluneenkcukacha{2}}lokulinganisa amandla ombane weeseli, ukujonga uqhagamshelo lokutya, kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zocinezelo lomlilo ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zogcino zibiza i-$15,000-$25,000 ngonyaka kwiinkqubo ze-MW ezi-1.
Inkonzo yenkqubo yolawulo lwe-Thermal inqanda esona sizathu siqhelekileyo sokungaphumeleli kwangaphambi kwexesha. Izihluzi ze-HVAC zifuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo ngenyanga kunye nokutshintshwa ngekota kwindawo ezinothuli. Amanqanaba efriji yenkqubo yokupholisa kufuneka ahlolwe rhoqo ngonyaka. Ukugcinwa okungonelanga kweenkqubo zokupholisa kukhokelela kubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza obukhawulezisa ukuthotywa kwebhetri{3}}ehlisa ubomi benkqubo ukusuka kwi-10-12 ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-6-8.
Ukufumanisa umlilo kunye neenkqubo zokunciphisa zifuna uvavanyo lonyaka ngamagcisa aqinisekisiweyo. Oku kuquka ukungqinisisa izixhobo zokubona umsi, ukuvavanywa kolandelelwano lwenkqubo yocinezelo (ngaphandle kokukhutshelwa), kunye nokuhlola iinkqubo zokutshiza ukuze kutyiwe umhlwa okanye ukuvaleka. Imimandla emininzi ifuna iingxelo zohlolo zeqela lesithathu ezithunyelwa qho ngonyaka ukuze kugcinwe amaphepha-mvume okusebenza.
Uvavanyo lokusebenza kwebhetri lwenzeka 2-4 amaxesha ngonyaka ukulandelela ukuthotywa. Ezi mvavanyo zilinganisa umthamo okhoyo kunye nokuxhathisa kwangaphakathi{6}izalathi eziphambili zempilo yebhetri. Ukuthotywa okuqhelekileyo kubonisa i-1-3% yokulahlekelwa kwamandla ngonyaka. Ukuthotywa okukhawulezileyo kubonisa iingxaki ezifuna uphando-mhlawumbi imiba yolawulo lobushushu, ukukhwela ibhayisekile okugqithisileyo, okanye iziphene zokuvelisa ezigqunywe phantsi kwewaranti.
Uhlaziyo lweFirmware kwiisistim zolawulo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri zenzeka amaxesha amaninzi ngonyaka. Olu hlaziyo luphucula ukusebenza, lulungisa iziphene, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha longeze izinto ezintsha. Ngelixa uhlaziyo lunokwenziwa kude, eyona nkqubo ingcono ibandakanya{2}}uhlolo lwesiza ukujongana naziphi na iingxaki ezivelayo ngexesha lohlaziyo.
UkuJonga iNtsebenzo
Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso eziqhubekayo zibonelela ngokubonakala ekusebenzeni kwebhetri kwaye zenze ukuba zibonwe kwangaphambili iingxaki. Ufakelo lwangoku luvelisa amakhulukhulu eenkcukacha zedatha{1}}amaqondo obushushu, amandla ombane, imisinga, ukuqukuqela kwamandla{2}}afakwe rhoqo kwimizuzwana embalwa.
Izalathisi eziphambili zokusebenza zilandelela impilo yenkqubo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukujikeleza-uhambo olufanelekileyo{2}}umyinge wamandla ngaphandle kumandla kwi{3}}kufuneka ihlale ingaphezulu kwama-85% kwiinkqubo ze-lithium{5}}. Ukwehla kokusebenza kakuhle kubonisa iingxaki zombane wamandla okanye iiseli zebhetri. Imeko yempilo (SOH) metrics iqikelela ubomi obuluncedo obusekwe kwiipateni zokuthotywa eziqatshelweyo. Inkqubo ebonisa i-SOH ngaphezu kwe-90% emva kweminyaka emibini yokusebenza isebenza kakuhle.
Ukubeka iliso lobushushu kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Iiseli zebhetri kufuneka zihlale ngaphakathi kwe-20-30℃ngexesha lokusebenza. Nayiphi na iseli ehlala iqhuba i-5℃+ shushu kunezinye ibonisa ingxaki-ukuba kunokwenzeka iseli esilelayo okanye ukupholisa komoya okunganelanga. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zivala ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba amaqondo obushushu asondela kumanqanaba angakhuselekanga, kodwa oku kuvalwa kubiza ingeniso kwaye kunokubonisa iimfuno zenkonzo.
Imilinganiselo yokujonga umthamo we-eneji ukuba ingakanani ibhetri ibhayisekile. Le datha izondla kubalo lwewaranti kunye nocwangciso lolondolozo. Ibhetri eyi-1 MW esebenza kulawulo lwefrikhwensi inokujikeleza kabini yonke imihla (i-8 MWh yonke imihla), ngelixa ukufakwa kokutsheva okuphezulu kunokujikeleza kanye yonke imihla. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikile okuphezulu kukhawulezisa ukuguga kunye nokuqhubela phambili umda wexesha lokutshintshwa kwecandelo.
Ukulandelela ingeniso kudibanisa idatha yokusebenza nokusebenza kwemali. Ifumene malini inkqubo kwi-arbitrage yamandla? Yayiyintoni intlawulo yemfuno yokonga? Ngaba imbuyekezo yokwenyani iyahambelana noqikelelo? Olu hlalutyo luchonga amathuba okuphucula kwaye luqinisekisa iingqikelelo zezoqoqosho eziqhube ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuqala.
Iisistim ze-alam zazisa abaqhubi ngeemeko ezifuna ukuhoywa. Iialamu ezibalulekileyo{1}}ukubonwa komlilo, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ilahleko yokupholisa{2}}zibangela impendulo ekhawulezileyo. {4}Izilumkiso ezingabalulekanga -iingxaki zonxibelelwano ezincinci, ukwahluka kokufuma{6}}ilog yokuphononongwa ngexesha lolungiso lwarhoqo. Ukucwangciswa okufanelekileyo kwe-alarm kuthintela zombini iingxaki eziphosiweyo kunye nokudinwa kwe-alamu ukusuka kwizilumkiso ezininzi zobuxoki.
Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Emaziphephe
Ufakelo lwebhetri lwe-1 MW oluyimpumelelo lufuna ukubaleka imigibe emininzi edla ngokuphazamisa iiprojekthi okanye ibeke esichengeni ukusebenza.
Ukujongelwa phantsi ixesha loqhagamshelo kumgangatho njengeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo. Abaphuhlisi bahlala bethatha i-6-ixesha leenyanga ezili-12 ukusuka kwisicelo ukuya ekunikezeni amandla, kodwa iinyanga ezingama-24-36 zibonisa ukuba ziyinyani kwiimarike ezixineneyo. Oku kubalwa gwenxa kuphosa izicwangciso zenkxaso-mali kunye noqikelelo lwengeniso. Ngalo lonke ixesha ucela uphononongo oluneenkcukacha zoqhagamshelo kuncedo kwangethuba ekukhetheni isiza-phambi kokusayina iingqeshiso zomhlaba okanye izixhobo zoku-odola.
Ukungahoyi iinkxalabo zasekuhlaleni kukhokelela ekuvumeleni ukulibaziseka okanye ukwaliwa kweprojekthi. Iziganeko zomlilo webhetri zifumana upapasho olubalulekileyo lweendaba, zenza ixhala loluntu nangona iziganeko zinqabile ngokwezibalo. Iiprojekthi ezitsiba ukufikelela eluntwini zijongana nenkcaso elungelelanisiweyo kwiindibano zovakaliso-zimvo. Abaphuhlisi abaphumeleleyo babamba iintlanganiso ezingekho sikweni kunye nabamelwane kwiinyanga ngaphambi kokufaka iimvume, bajongane neenkxalabo ngokunyaniseka, kwaye babonise ukuzinikela kukhuseleko.
Ukungonelanga ukufikelela kwisiza kuthintela ukufakela izixhobo okanye kwenza nzima impendulo kaxakeka. Izikhongozeli zebhetri zifika kwimithwalo emikhulu efuna ukucocwa kwendlela ethile kunye nobungakanani bobunzima. Iindawo ekufikelelwa kuzo kuphela ngeendlela ezimxinwa okanye iibhulorho eziphantsi azinakwenzeka ukuba zisetyenziswe. Qinisekisa indlela yothutho neenkampani zezothutho phambi kokuba ugqibezele ukhetho lwesiza{3}}ulungiso kwiindlela zikawonke-wonke lungaxabisa i-$100,{5}} kwaye kuthathe iminyaka ukuze kuvumeleke.
Ukutsibela uphando lwe-geotechnical kubangela iingxaki ezibiza kakhulu ngexesha lokwakha. Ukucinga ukuba umhlaba "olungileyo" ngokusekwe kuphononongo olubonakalayo xa abasebenzi befumanisa iimeko ezingafanelekanga ezifuna ukuzaliswa ngobunjineli okanye iziseko ezinzulu. I-$ 10,000 egcinwe kuvavanyo lomhlaba iba yi-$ 100,000 kwiindleko zesiseko ezingalindelekanga. Soloko utyala imali kwiingxelo ezifanelekileyo ze-geotechnical kuso nasiphi na isiza esithathelwa ingqalelo.
Ukujonga ukufikelela kwisondlo emva kofakelo kudala iintloko zokusebenza. Isixhobo sidinga inkonzo eqhelekileyo, kwaye amacandelo ekugqibeleni afuna ukutshintshwa. Iziza eziyilwe zinendawo enqabileyo ngokwaneleyo zifumanisa ukuba ukususa isiguquli esingaphumeleliyo kufuna ukudibanisa izixhobo ezikufutshane. Nika indawo yokusebenza eyoneleyo -ubuncinci iinyawo ezili-10 kwicala elinye lezikhongozeli{5}}ukulungiswa kwesiqhelo kunye nokulungiswa kwexesha elizayo.
Ukungaphumeleli ukukhuseleka{0}}kwamalungelo omhlaba exesha elide alungele ixesha leprojekthi kudala ukubonakaliswa. Iiprojekthi zebhetri zihlala zisebenza iminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-25, kodwa abaphuhlisi ngamanye amaxesha basayine izivumelwano zomhlaba zeminyaka eli-10 ukunciphisa iindleko zokuqala. Xa uthethathethwano ngohlaziyo lokuqeshisa luqala, abanini-mhlaba bafumana amandla okuba bafune iirhafu eziphezulu. Tshatisa imimiselo yengqeshiso kubomi beprojekthi, okanye ukhetho olukhuselekileyo lohlaziyo ngokunyuka kweqondo elimiselweyo.
Ixesha elizayo-Ubungqina boFakelo lwakho
Indawo yokugcina amandla iyaqhubeka nokuvela ngokukhawuleza, kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha, imimiselo, kunye namathuba emarike avela rhoqo. Ukukhetha indawo ehlakaniphile ayithatheli ingqalelo kuphela iimfuno zanamhlanje kodwa okunokwenzeka ngomso.
Ukwandiswa kubonakalisa ukubaluleka njengoko uqoqosho lokugcina luphucula kwaye iimfuno zamandla zikhula. Iziza ezithatha izikhongozeli zebhetri ezongezelelweyo ngaphandle kokuphuculwa kweziseko ezingundoqo zibonelela ngokuguquguquka ekwandiseni umthamo. Xa uvavanya iziza, qwalasela ukuba kukho indawo yokuphinda kabini ubungakanani bofakelo kwixesha elizayo. Iziseko zombane-iziguquli, izixhobo zokutshintsha, uqhagamshelo lwegridi{4}kufuneka ilinganiswe nolwandiso lwengqondo, nokuba ulwakhiwo lokuqala -ngaphandle luncinci.
Uphuculo lwetekhnoloji luya kufumaneka njengoko iikhemistri zebhetri ziphucuka. Iisistim zanamhlanje ze-lithium-ziyakuthi ekugqibeleni zinike indlela-iibhetri zelizwe, iibhetri ezihamba phambili, okanye ezinye izinto ezintsha ezinikezela ukusebenza ngcono okanye iindleko ezisezantsi. Uyilo lwesiza oluvumela ukutshintshwa kwesikhongozeli ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukufakela lonke lubonelela ngeendlela zokuphucula. Uyilo lwemodyuli apho isikhongozeli ngasinye sisebenza ngokuzimeleyo sivumela uphuculo oluqengqelekayo{5}}ukubuyisela iyunithi enye ngexesha ngelixa ezinye zisasebenza.
Imithetho yokuthatha inxaxheba kwimarike ihlala iguquka, idala amathuba amatsha engeniso. Abaqhubi begridi bahlala bezisa iimveliso ezintsha zenkonzo ezincedisayo ezinokubonelelwa ziibhetri. IiSayithi zibekwe ekuthatheni inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeemarike{2}}i-arbitrage yamandla, ukulawulwa rhoqo, iimarike zamandla, iinkonzo zokusasaza{3}}zingqina ukomelela ngakumbi njengoko iimeko zemarike zitshintsha. Oku kuthanda uthumelo{5}}iisayithi eziqhagamsheleneyo ngaphezulu ngasemva{6}ku{7}}nofakelo lwemitha, nangona le yokugqibela isabonelela ngeenzuzo ngokwandisa ireyile.
Indawo yolawulo iya kuqina njengoko ukufakelwa kweebhetri ezininzi kungena kwi-intanethi kwaye nokuqonda imingcipheko kuyaphucuka. Iikhowudi zomlilo, imigangatho yokhuseleko, kunye neemfuno zokusingqongileyo zikhokelela kwiimfuno ezingqongqo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ufakelo olugqithisa ubuncinci obufunekayo namhlanje-ngcono ucinezelo lomlilo, uthintelo olungqongqo ngakumbi, uqwalaselo olomeleziweyo{3}}lujongana nomngcipheko omncinci wokubuyiselwa kwexabiso elikhulu xa imigangatho itshintsha. Oku "ukwakha ngokugqithisileyo" kubiza i-5-10% ngaphezulu ngaphambili kodwa ibonelela ngolawulo lwexesha elide uxolo lwengqondo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Singakanani isithuba esifunwa yinkqubo yebhetri eyi-1 MW?
Isixhobo esingundoqo sithatha i-320-640 yeenyawo zesikwere (indawo enye okanye ezimbini zokuthumela isikhongozeli), kodwa ukusilela okufunekayo kuphindaphindeka oku kakhulu. Iikhowudi zomlilo zigunyazisa i-10-20 yeenyawo ze-clean kumacala onke ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza, kunye nesithuba seziguquli, iindlela zokungena, kunye nocingo lokhuseleko. Ubuncinane obusebenzayo yi-0.25 yeehektare (malunga ne-11,000 iinyawo zesikwere) kufakelo lwesikhongozeli esinye, nangona iihektare eziyi-0.5 zibonelela ngegumbi lokusebenza elitofotofo kwaye livumela ukwandiswa kwexesha elizayo. Iziza ezikwizowuni zokuhlala zinokufuna indawo engaphezulu ngenxa yeemfuneko ezinkulu zokurhoxiswa ukusuka kwimigca yepropathi kunye nezakhiwo ezihlala abantu.
Ndingafakela ibhetri ye-1 MW ngaphakathi?
Ufakelo lwangaphakathi lunokwenzeka ngokobugcisa kodwa lujongene nemiqobo ebonakalayo. Inkqubo ifuna umthamo omkhulu we-HVAC ukususa ubushushu obuveliswe ngexesha lokusebenza{1}}ngokuqhelekileyo 20-40 kW yokupholisa okuqhubekayo. Uxinzelelo lomlilo luba nzima ngakumbi ngaphakathi, luhlala lufuna iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ngaphaya kwezitshizi zezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iikhowudi zokwakha zifuna urhwebo{9}lofakelo lwemigangatho yeesistim ezingaphezulu kwe-20 kWh, kunye nokwahlulwa okungqongqo kwiindawo ezinabantu. Izakhiwo zemizi-mveliso ezinesilingi eziphezulu, umoya onamandla, kunye namagumbi awodwa oomatshini enza ezona ndawo zifanelekileyo zangaphakathi. Kuninzi lwezicelo, ufakelo lwangaphandle olunezikhongozeli lubonisa ukuba lunendleko ngakumbi kwaye kulula ukuluvumela.
Ngowuphi umgca wexesha oqhelekileyo ukusuka ekukhetheni indawo ukuya ekusebenzeni?
Ixesha liyohluka kakhulu ngokusekwe kwindawo kunye nemo yoqhagamshelo lwegridi. Ngasemva -kofakelo lwemitha kwizixhobo esele zikhona ezinomthamo wombane okhoyo, 6-iinyanga ezili-9 ziyafumaneka. Oku kubandakanya iinyanga ezi-2-3 zokuvumela, iinyanga ezi-2-3 zokuthengwa kwezixhobo, kunye neenyanga ezi-2-3 zokwakha kunye nokugunyaziswa. Iiprojekthi eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi ezifuna uqhagamshelo lwenkonzo zidla ngokuthatha iinyanga ezili-18 ukuya kwezingama-36, ixesha elininzi lichithwa zizifundo zonxibelelwano kunye nolawulo lwemigca. Iiprojekthi ezikwimimandla ngaphandle kwemigaqo yebhetri esekiweyo zinokujongana nokulibaziseka okongeziweyo kweenyanga ezi-6-12 ngelixa amagosa asekuhlaleni aphuhlisa iinkqubo zemvume. Ukuqala kwangethuba ngolungelelwaniso oluluncedo kunye nokuzibandakanya noluntu kunciphisa kakhulu ixesha elibekiweyo.
Ngaba ndifuna i-inshurensi ekhethekileyo yenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri?
Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-inshorensi yepropati eqhelekileyo ayibandakanyi okanye inciphise kakhulu ukhuseleko kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla. Uya kudinga i-inshurensi ekhethekileyo egubungela umonakalo wepropathi, ukuphazamiseka kweshishini, ityala, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iziqinisekiso zokusebenza. Iipremiyamu zonyaka zenkqubo ye-MW ezi-1 zihlala zisuka kwi-8,000 ukuya kwi-25,000 yeedola ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo, iinkqubo zokucima umlilo, kunye namava omsebenzi. Abathwali be-inshorensi bafuna ngakumbi iziphumo zovavanyo ze-UL 9540A, izicwangciso ezibanzi zokhuseleko lomlilo, kunye nobungqina beenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulondoloza. Abanye abathwali banikezela ngamaxabiso ancitshisiweyo kwiinkqubo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lomlilo okanye ezo zibekwe iliso kwi-24/7 ngabaqhubi abaqeqeshiweyo. Faka ezi ndleko ziqhubekayo kuqoqosho lweprojekthi ukusuka ekuqaleni.
Ukufakela isixokelelwano sebhetri yemegawathi enye kufuna uqwalaselo olucingisisiweyo lwemeko yakho yosetyenziso, iisayithi ezikhoyo, kunye{1}}nezidingo zexesha elide zokusebenza. Indawo efanelekileyo yebhetri ye-megawatt e-1 ixhomekeke ekulinganiseni ukufikelela kwigridi, ukubanakho kolawulo, uqoqosho, kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko. Nokuba ujonge ukusasazwa kwesikhululo esingaphantsi kwiinkonzo zegridi, ngasemva{5}}kofakelo lwemitha yolawulo lwebango, okanye umanyano lwamandla ahlaziyekayo, impumelelo iphuma kuvavanyo lwesayithi olucwangcisiweyo kunye nengqalelo kwiimfuno zobugcisa kunye neenkxalabo zoluntu. Ukuqala ngeenjongo zeprojekthi ezicacileyo kunye nokusebenza ngasemva ukuchonga iziza ezisebenzela ezo njongo kuvelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunokufumana indawo kuqala kwaye uzame ukuyenza isebenze.