Nantsi into emalunga namandla ahlaziyekayo ekungekho mntu ukuxelelayo ngaphambili: ilanga alikhanyi ebusuku, kwaye umoya awuvuthuzi ngeshedyuli. Kuvakala ngokucacileyo, akunjalo? Kodwa le nyaniso ilula ngenene yenye yezona ntloko zinkulu kulo lonke utshintsho lwamandla.
Ycinge. Ibhetri yefowuni yakho iyafa ngelona xesha libi kakhulu{1}}ngesiqhelo xa uzama ukufowunela u-Uber ngo-2am. Ngoku khawufane ucinge loo ngxaki, kodwa yigridi yombane iyonke. Yiloo nto kanye esijongene nayo xa sithetha ngamandla ahlaziyekayo ngaphandle kokugcinwa.
Ingxaki yokungahambelani
Iiphaneli zesola zivelisa umbane xa ilanga liphumile. Imveliso yencopho? Ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nemini. Kodwa abantu abaninzi bawufuna nini ngokwenene umbane? Kwakusasa xa wonke umntu esenza ikofu kwaye elungiselela umsebenzi, ngoko kwakhona ngokuhlwa xa befika ekhaya kwaye baqalise ukupheka isidlo sakusihlwa, ukukhanyisa izibane, ukubukela iTV. Iigophe azihambelani kwaphela.
Umoya unemikhwa yawo. Ngamanye amaxesha ufumana kakhulu (kukho iimeko apho iifama zomoya kufuneka zivale ngenxa yokuba zikhonakaninziumbane wenziwa), kwaye ngamanye amaxesha awukho. Kwiindawo ezithile zaseTexas, imveliso yomoya inokushukuma ukusuka phantse kuyo yonke into ukuya ekuboneleleni ngaphezu kwe-60% yeemfuno zamandla karhulumente kwiveki enye.
Apha kulapho ugcino lwamandla lungena khona. Sisithinteli{1}}indlela yokuthatha umbane xa umkhulu kwaye uwugcinele kamva xa uwufuna ngokwenene.
Yintoni kanye ebalwa njengogcino lwamandla?
Eli gama ligubungela umhlaba ongaphezulu kunokuba unokulindela. Wonke umntu ucinga "iibhetri" ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, yinxalenye enkulu yalo. Kodwa ukugcinwa kwamandla okuhlaziya kubandakanya iindlela ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo:
Ugcino lombane olumponthiweyoikhona okokoko{0}kakuhle, ukusukela ngo 1890s kunjalo. Lo mbono ulula ngobuhle: xa unombane ogqithisileyo, wusebenzise ukumpompa amanzi anyukele kwindawo yokugcina amanzi. Xa ufuna amandla, vumela amanzi abuyele ezantsi ngee turbines. Iseyeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yogcino lwegridi-ehlabathini jikelele, ibala into enje nge 95% yazo zonke izinto eziluncedo{7}}zokugcina amandla. Yintoni embi? Udinga ijografi echanekileyo{9}}iintaba, iintlambo, amanzi amaninzi. Ayikwazi kanye ukwakha enye yezi Kansas.
Iinkqubo zebhetringabantwana abatsha benza zonke izihloko zeendaba. I-Lithium-iyongamela ngoku kuba ukunyuswa kwemoto yombane yehlise iindleko kakhulu. Phakathi kuka-2010 kunye no-2023, iindleko zebhetri zehla malunga ne-90%. Yimpambano leyo. Kodwa zikhona ezinye iindlela kuphuhliso{8}}zesodium-iibhetri ze-ion (usebenzisa ityuwa endaweni ye-lithium), ukuhamba kweebhetri (apho amandla{10}}okugcina ulwelo agcinwa eitankini kwaye ampompelwe njengoko kufuneka), kunye neebhetri ze-iron{11}}eziphefumla ioksijini ukusuka emoyeni.
Ugcino lwamandla omoya ocinezelweyoisebenza ngohlobo olufana ne-hydro, kodwa ngomoya endaweni yamanzi. Ucinezela umoya kwaye uwugcine kwimiqolomba engaphantsi komhlaba xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi, emva koko uwukhulule ngee turbines xa kufuneka. Azikabikho zininzi kwezi zikhoyo, kodwa amandla akhona.
Ukugcinwa kwe-thermalinika umdla kuba ayiwugcini ngqo umbane{0}igcina ubushushu okanye ingqele. Izityalo zamandla elanga ezigxininisiweyo ngamanye amaxesha zisebenzisa ityuwa etyhidiweyo ukugcina amandla ashushu avela elangeni. Ityuwa ihlala ishushu ngokwaneleyo (sithetha 500+ ngezidigri ngokukaCelsius) ukwenza umphunga kunye nokuqhubela iiiturbines iiyure emva kokutshona kwelanga. Kukwakho neenkqubo ezenza umkhenkce ebusuku xa umbane unexabiso eliphantsi, emva koko usebenzise loo mkhenkce ukupholisa izakhiwo ngenjikalanga eshushu.
IiFlywheels, ii-supercapacitors, i-hydrogen-uluhlu luyaqhubeka. Itekhnoloji nganye inendawo yayo emnandi ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani bamandla owufunayo ukuwagcina, ixesha elingakanani ekufuneka uyigcine, kunye nokuba kufuneka uyikhuphe ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
Kutheni kubalulekile (ngaphandle kokucacileyo)
Ugcino lwamandla alukho malunga nokugcina izibane zikhanya xa ilanga litshona. Isombulula iingxaki ezininzi ngexesha elinye.
Uzinzo lwegridi yeyona inkulu ekhathalelwa ngamaziko. Iigridi zombane kufuneka zigcine ibhalansi echanekileyo phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno nganye ngomzuzwana omnye. Ukubonelela kakhulu kunye nokuphakama rhoqo; incinci kakhulu kwaye iyawa. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, izinto ezimbi zenzeka kwisixhobo. Iinkqubo zokugcina zingaphendula kwii-milliseconds ukunceda ukugcina loo bhalansi. Olunye ufakelo lwebhetri eOstreliya luye lwaduma ngokukwazi kwabo ukuzinzisa igridi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba izityalo zamandla zemveli zinokwenza.
Emva koko kukho i-engile yezoqoqosho. Amaxabiso ombane ayaguquguquka imini yonke{1}}ngamanye amaxesha ngokumangalisayo. Kwiindawo ezinamandla amaninzi ahlaziyekayo, amaxabiso anokuhamba kakubi ngamaxesha anelanga kakhulu okanye anomoya ngenxa yokuba kukho umbane omninzi oveliswayo kunokuba unokusingatha igridi. Ugcino lukuvumela ukuba uthenge (okanye uvelise) umbane xa unexabiso eliphantsi okanye ubuninzi kwaye uwuthengise kwakhona xa amaxabiso enyuka. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-arbitrage, kwaye iba yimodeli yokwenyani yeshishini.
Kuluntu olukude okanye iziqithi, ukugcinwa okudityaniswe nezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunokuthetha ukuzimela genereyitha zedizili. Idizili iyabiza ukuyithumela ngenqanawa, ingxola, ingcolisa, kwaye ifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo. Isixokelelwano selanga{2}}kunye{3}}nebhetri singaba neendleko eziphezulu, kodwa amafutha asimahla ngonaphakade.
Umbuzo wesikali
Enye yezinto ezikhohlisayo malunga nokugcinwa kwamandla kukuba isayizi enye ngokuqinisekileyo ayilingani konke.
Kwesona sikali sincinci, unezindlu ezinophahla lwelanga kunye nebhetri kwigaraji{0}}mhlawumbi 10-15 yeeyure zekilowatt zogcino, ezaneleyo zokungena ebusuku okanye unikezele ngenkxaso ngexesha lokucima. I-Powerwall kaTesla mhlawumbi ngowona mzekelo udumileyo, kodwa kukho abantu abaninzi abakhuphisana nabo ngoku.
Shenxisela kwinqanaba loluntu kwaye unokuba neemegawathi -iiyure ezimbalwa ukusebenzela ummelwane okanye idolophu encinci.
Emva koko ufikelela kusetyenziso{0}}lofakelo lwesikali olukhulu ngenene. Indawo yebhetri ye-Moss e-California ine-3,000 megawatt-iiyure zomthamo. Ukubeka oko ngokwembono, oko kwanele ukunika amandla malunga ne-225,000 yamakhaya ngeeyure ezine. Yaye baqhubeka beyandisa.
Ubude bexesha bubalulekile njengomthamo. Iibhetri zilungile ekugcineni amandla kwiiyure ezimbalwa{1}okuthiwa "ugcino lwexesha elifutshane." Kodwa kuthekani ngokugcinwa kwexesha elithile? Kuthekani ukuba ufuna ukonga amandla angaphezulu elanga ukusuka ehlotyeni ukuze uwasebenzise ebusika? Oko kufuna itekhnoloji eyahluke ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngokunyaniseka, asinazo izisombululo zintle zaloo nto okwangoku. I-Hydrogen yinto enye enokwenzeka, kodwa iyabiza kwaye ayisebenzi.
Owona{0}umngeni wehlabathi
Iindleko zisengumceli mngeni wokuqala, nangona zingcono kakhulu. Ufakelo olukhulu lwebhetri lungaxabisa i-$300-400 ngekilowatt-ngeyure yomthamo. Oko kwehle kakhulu, kodwa kuyabiza xa uthetha ngesikali esiluncedo. Kwaye iibhetri zithotywa ngokuhamba kwexesha-azihlali ngonaphakade.
Kukwakho nomba wokubonelela ngezinto eziphathekayo. I-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel{1}}imfuno ikhula ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imisebenzi yemigodi inokuqhubeka. Kwaye uninzi lwezi zinto zivela kwiindawo ezinemisebenzi ethandabuzekayo okanye imigangatho yokusingqongileyo. Ishishini liyabaleka ukufumana ezinye iindlela okanye liphuhlise iindlela ezingcono zokurisayikilisha.
Imvume kunye nokulawulwa kunokuba yinto enzima kakhulu. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kutsha kangangokuba iindawo ezininzi azinayo imigaqo ecacileyo malunga nendlela yokudibanisa ezi nkqubo kwigridi, ngubani onokuba nazo, ukuba zihlawulwe njani. Ezinye izinto eziluncedo zibona ukugcinwa njengengozi kwimodeli yabo yeshishini, abanye bayayamkela.
Ke kukho ingxaki yefiziksi elula: ilahleko yokuguqulwa kwamandla. Xa utshaja ibhetri, uphulukana namandla athile njengobushushu. Xa uyikhupha, ulahlekelwa ngakumbi. Ukujikeleza-uhambo olufanelekileyo lunokuba yi-85-}90% yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion, nto leyo ilunge kakhulu, kodwa loo nto ithetha ukuba usaphulukana ne-10-15% yamandla akho. Kwezinye iitekhnoloji zokugcina, ilahleko iphezulu kakhulu.
Apho zisingise khona izinto
Ukukhawuleza emva kokugcinwa kwamandla kuyinyani. Ufakelo lwehlabathi lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2023 kuphela, ihlabathi longeze into enje ngeegigawathi ezingama-50 zomthamo wokugcina ibhetri{4} ngokuphindwe kabini kunyaka ophelileyo.
Sibona izinto ezintsha kwiindawo esingazilindelanga. Iibhetri zemoto zifumana ubomi besibini njengendawo yokugcina emileyo emva kokuba ingasalungeli ngokwaneleyo kwizithuthi. Isithuthi-ukuya{3}}kwigridi yobuchwephesha siyaphuhliswa, apho iimoto zombane zinokutya amandla abuyele kwigridi xa kuyimfuneko (imoto yakho iba yibhetri emavilini).
Ixesha elide-ugcino ngumda olandelayo. Kukho iingcamango ezingalawulekiyo phaya-ugcino lwamandla kusetyenziswa iibhloko zomxhuzulane, ugcino lomoya olucinezelwe ngaphantsi kwamanzi, ugcino lwamandla olwelo lomoya. Ezinye zezi ziya kusebenza, ezininzi aziyi kusebenza, kodwa uvavanyo luyenzeka.
Uqoqosho luhlala luphucuka njengoko iindleko ziwa kwaye njengoko iindawo ezininzi zibeka ixabiso ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni. Kwezinye iimarike, ukugcinwa sele kukhuphisana ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali. Oko kwakungeyonyaniso nakwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo.
Umgca ongezantsi
Ugcino lwamandla asiyonto nje ilungileyo-ukufumana{1}}isixhobo samandla ahlaziyekayo{2}}iba yeyona nto yenza ukuba inguquko iphelele. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa, unokongeza kuphela ilanga kunye nomoya ngaphambi kokuba igridi ingazinzi. Ngokugcinwa, isilingi ininzi, iphezulu kakhulu.
Sisekwimihla yokuqala, ngokwenene. Itekhnoloji iphucuka ngokukhawuleza, iindleko ziyehla, kwaye sifumana usetyenziso olutsha ngalo lonke ixesha. Kodwa isindululo sexabiso esisisiseko sicacile: ugcino lujika amandla ahlaziyekayo ngamaxesha athile abe athembekileyo, amandla anokuhanjiswa. Kwaye oko kutshintsha yonke into.
Ishumi leminyaka elizayo liya kuba mnandi ukubukela. Ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezinokuthi zihlaziywe ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokugcinwa okuthe kratya okufikelelekayo sele kuphazamisa iimarike zombane kwihlabathi jikelele. Iindawo ebezixhomekeke kwi-100% kumafutha efosili kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo ngoku zibetha rhoqo kwi-50%, 60%, kunye ne-70% yamandla ahlaziyekayo ngeentsuku ezithile. Oko kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka kungekudala.
Usemninzi umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe-ubuchwepheshe, uqoqosho, ulawulo. Kodwa i-trajectory icacile. Ugcino lwamandla kwiinkqubo ezihlaziyiweyo ayilokamva nje; ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngoku.