Itekhnoloji ye-C&I ESS ibhekisa kwiiNkqubo zokuGcinwa kwamandla oRhwebo kunye noShishino{0}}enkulu{1}}enkulu{1}}yezicombululo ezisekelwe kwibhetri eyilelwe ukugcina nokulawula amandla ombane kumashishini, kwiifektri, nakumaziko oshishino. I-C&I ESS eqhelekileyo isebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-i-ion ukubamba umbane ngexesha eliphantsi{5}}lokufunwa kwaye liwukhulule ngexesha lamaxesha aphakamileyo, livumela ukucuthwa kweendleko ngokusebenzisa i-arbitrage yamandla kunye nokubonelela amandla okugcina ngexesha lokucima.
IiNkqubo zeC&I zokuGcina amandla zisebenza ngokwenene
Kwisiseko sayo, i-C&I ESS isebenza ngomjikelo olungelelanisiweyo wokutshaja, ukugcina, kunye nokukhupha umbane. Inkqubo ihlawulisa iibhanki zayo zebhetri ngexesha{1}}iyure ezikhawulezayo xa amaxabiso ombane esezantsi{2}kaninzi ebusuku okanye ngamaxesha okwenziwa ngokutsha okuphezulu. Xa imfuno ye-spikes okanye amaxabiso enyuka, i-Energy Management System (EMS) ibangela i-Power Conversion System (PCS) ukuguqula umbane ogciniweyo we-DC ubuyele kwi-AC, uwondla kwiziko okanye kwigridi.
Ubukrelekrele bulele kwi-EMS, ehlalutya ngokuqhubekayo amaxabiso ombane, iipatheni zomthwalo, uqikelelo lwemozulu, kunye nemiqondiso yegridi. Iinkqubo zangoku zingaphendula kutshintsho lwexabiso{1}}ngexesha lokwenyani, ngokuzenzekelayo zilungiselela ukuba kuhlawuliswe, kubanjwe, okanye kukhutshwe nini. Umzekelo, iplanti yokuvelisa isenokuhlawulisa inkqubo yayo ye-500 kWh phakathi kwe-10 PM kunye ne-6 AM nge-$0.08/kWh, emva koko ikhuphe ngexesha leencopho zasemva kwemini xa amaxabiso ebetha i-$0.24/kWh{8}}ethatha i-$0.16/kWh yokusasazeka kwe-arbitrage.
Inkqubo yomzimba iqulathe amacandelo amane angundoqo asebenza ngokuhambelanayo. Iipakethi zebhetri{1}}ikakhulu i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) iiseli{3}}zibonelela ngogcino oluyinyani, lunikezela nge-6,000{11}}8,000 imijikelo yentlawulo kwi-80% ubunzulu bokukhupha. I-PCS isebenza njengebhulorho ye-bidirectional, ukuguqula amandla phakathi kwe-AC kunye ne-DC kunye nokuphumelela ukufikelela kwi-98%. ISistim yoLawulo lweBattery (BMS) ihlola{13}}izinga lombane weseli, ubushushu, kunye nemo yentlawulo, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngolawulo lwe-thermal nokuthintela ukutshajiswa okugqithisileyo okanye ukukhutshwa okunzulu. Ekugqibeleni, iinkqubo ezincedisayo zibamba ukupholisa, ukucinywa komlilo, kunye nokulawulwa kwendalo-okubalulekileyo ukugcina i-20-25 idigri yoluhlu olufanelekileyo lokusebenza.
Isindululo seXabiso loRhwebo
Imeko yezemali yamaziko okugcina amandla e-C&I kwimithombo emininzi yengeniso edibanisa ixesha elide. Incopho yokucutha intlawulo yemfuno ngokuqhelekileyo inikezela ngeyona ndlela yogcino inkulu. Amatyala ombane worhwebo akholisa ukuquka intlawulo yemfuno esekwe kowona mzuzu uphezulu 15{4}}kutsalwa kwamandla ombane kwixesha lokuhlawula. I-spike enye-mhlawumbi ukusuka ekuqaliseni koomatshini abaninzi ngaxeshanye-inokubiza i-$15-25 kwi-kW nganye inyanga yonke. Malunga ne-68% yezibonelelo zorhwebo zisebenzisa ugcino lwamandla ikakhulu ukunciphisa ezi ndleko zombane.
Amandla arbitrage asebenzisa ixesha{{0}lo{1}}lokwahluka komlinganiselo. Kwiimarike ezinencopho ebalulekileyo-ukuze{4}}ukucime{5}}incopho yokusasazeka, amashishini angafikelela kwi-15{13}}30% yocutho kwiindleko zombane. Iziko ledatha elisebenzisa inkqubo ye-1 MWh eCalifornia lingagcina i-$120,000{15}}180,000 ngonyaka ngokususa i-70% yokusetyenziswa kwayo ukuya{16}}kumaxesha aphezulu. Xa idityaniswe-nendawo yesola, uqoqosho lomeleza ngakumbi-ukugcina imveliso yasemini egqithileyo ukuze isetyenziswe ngorhatya kunokonyusa usetyenziso lwelanga ukusuka kwi-30-40% ukuya kwi-70-85%, iphucula kakhulu i-ROI yelanga.
Kwincopho yokutsheva okuqhelekileyo kunye neeprojekthi zesola-kunye{1}}nogcino, imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali inokufezekiswa kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-6. Lo mgca wexesha uyohluka kakhulu ngendawo-imimandla enemfuno ephezulu yeendleko kunye nencopho enkulu-ukusasazeka kwamaxabiso entlambo bona imbuyekezo ekhawulezayo. Ukongeza ingeniso yeenkonzo zegridi ngeenkqubo zokuphendula imfuno okanye ukulawulwa rhoqo kunokukhawulezisa imbuyekezo ngeenyanga ezili-12-24 kwiimarike apho ukuhlanganiswa kuvunyelwe.
Ukukhula kweMarike kunye noKwamkelwa kweTekhnoloji
Imarike ye-C&I ESS ifumana ukwanda okukhawulezayo okuqhutywa kukuguqula iimeko zoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. IMarike yeHlabathi ye-C&I yoGcino lwaMandla yayixatyiswe kwi-USD 6.81 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2025 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-27.15 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2034, ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiweyo se-16.61%. Oku kukhula kubonisa ukuhla kweendleko zebhetri kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ombane kudala uqoqosho oluncomekayo.
Iibhetri zeLithium -zilawula imarike okwangoku, zithatha ngaphezulu kwe-65% yesabelo ngo-2024, ngenxa yoxinano lwamandla aphezulu, ubomi bomjikelo omde, kunye neendleko ezihlayo. Ngaphakathi kweekhemistri ze-lithium -i-ion, i-LiFePO4 iye yaba lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizicelo ezimileyo ze-C&I, ezibonelela ngozinzo lwe-thermal kunye nokhuseleko oluluncedo ngaphezu kwe-nickel{6}ezezinye ezisekwe. Amaxabiso epakethi yebhetri ehle malunga ne-80% ukusukela ngo-2013, ngamaxabiso ngoku asuka kwi-$150{11}}200/kWh kwiinkqubo ezipheleleyo-ezantsi ukusuka kwi-$800-1000/kWh kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.
Iindlela zokwamkelwa komntwana wengingqi zityhila abaqhubi abahlukileyo. UMntla Merika ugalela i-42% yokwamkelwa kweemarike, iYurophu 30%, kunye ne-Asia {{3}i-Pacific imele i-28% yofakelo lulonke. Ukukhula koMntla Melika kuvela kumazinga aphezulu ombane orhwebo kunye nezakhiwo zentlawulo yemfuno eqolileyo. Ukuthunyelwa kweYurophu kukhawuleza ngeemfuno zokuhlanganiswa okuvuselelekayo kunye nezigunyaziso zokunciphisa ikhabhoni. IAsia{8}Ulwandiso lwePasifiki, olukhokelwa sisiseko semizi-mveliso yaseTshayina, lugxile ekuthembekeni kwegridi kunye nokhuphiswano lwemveliso.
Itekhnoloji iyakhula kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Izibonelelo zokwenziwa kwemveliso zisebenzisa ugcino ukulawula{1}izixhobo zombane eziphezulu zokuqalisa ukusebenza kunye nokugcina imveliso ngexesha lokungazinzi kwegridi. Amaziko eenkcukacha ahambisa iinkqubo zamandla okuxhasa kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuphendula imfuno, kunye nezibonelelo ezihlala zifuna i-99.99% yexesha lokuphumla. Amaziko okhathalelo lwempilo abeka phambili ukuthembeka, ukufaka iinkqubo ezinobungakanani kwiiyure ze-4-8 zomsebenzi womthwalo obalulekileyo. Iikhompleksi zokuthengisa kunye ne-ofisi ziphakamisa ugcino lolawulo lwentlawulo yemfuno kunye neenjongo zozinzo.
Imingeni yokuPhunyezwa kunye neeNgqwalaselo eziSebenzayo
Ngaphandle koqoqosho olunyanzelisayo, izithintelo ezininzi zinempembelelo kumazinga okwamkelwa kwe-C&I ESS. Malunga ne-46% yabasebenzisi abanokubakho bakhankanya iindleko eziphezulu zofakelo lwangaphambili, kwaye i-39% iqaqambisa amaxesha okuhlawula amade njengokunciphisa ukwamkelwa. Iindleko zesixokelelwano esipheleleyo ziqala ukusuka kwi-$400{6}}700/kWh efakelweyo kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwe-100 kWh, emele iimfuno ezibalulekileyo zenkunzi-inkqubo ye-500 kWh inokufuna i-$200,000-350,000 ngaphambili.
Ukuntsokotha kobugcisa kubangela omnye umqobo. Ngokwe-US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, i-30% yeeprojekthi ezinokubakho zokugcina amandla e-C&I zijongene nokulibaziseka ngenxa yemvume enzima kunye neenkqubo zoqhagamshelo. Amashishini kufuneka ajonge iimfuno zoqhagamshelo oluluncedo, ukuthotyelwa kwekhowudi yombane, imvume yemarshal yomlilo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izithintelo zokucandwa. Inkqubo inokwandisa iinyanga ezi-6-18 ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo kunye nobukhulu benkqubo.
Ukudityaniswa kwenkqubo kufuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lomthwalo kunye nobungakanani. Iisistim ezingancinci ziyasilela ukubamba ugcino olukhoyo, ngelixa ukufakwa okukhulu kakhulu kwandisa ixesha lokubuyisela ngokungeyomfuneko. Uphumezo olululo lufuna uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemitha yesithuba, ukuqondwa kolwakhiwo lweereyithi, kunye nokuyimodeli yeepateni zokusebenza. Amashishini amaninzi akanabo ubuchwephesha bangaphakathi kolu vavanyo, nto leyo efuna uthethwano nabadibanisi abakhethekileyo okanye abacebisi.
Ukuthotywa kwebhetri kubonisa inkxalabo eqhubekayo. ISebe lezaMandla lase-US linika ingxelo yokuba amazinga okonakala kwebhetri ka-2–5% ngonyaka kwiimeko zosetyenziso eziphezulu{5}}zibangela umngeni{6}}ukusebenza kwexesha elide kwizicelo ze-C&I. Oku kuphelelwa amandla kufuneka kuthatyathwe kwiimodeli zoqoqosho{8}}inkqubo eyilelwe iminyaka eyi-10 yokubuyisela inokufuna ukwandiswa kwesakhono okanye ukutshintshwa ngonyaka 8-12 ukugcina ukusebenza. Amagama ewaranti aqinisekisa i-60-80% yokugcina umthamo emva kweminyaka eyi-10, kodwa ukuthotywa kokwenyani kuyahluka ngokokuqina kwebhayisikile, ubushushu bokusebenza, kunye nolawulo lwentlawulo.
Iimfuno zogcino, ngelixa ziphantsi kunejenereyitha zedizili, zisafuna ukuhoywa. Iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-thermal zifuna ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile, izixhobo ze-inverter zinokufuna ukutshintshwa emva kweminyaka eyi-10-15, kwaye isoftware yolawulo lwebhetri ifuna uhlaziyo. Iindleko zonyaka zolondolozo ziqhuba i-1-2% yeendleko zenkqubo yokuqala, nangona abavelisi abaninzi ngoku babonelela ngezivumelwano ze-O&M ezibanzi.
Ulungelelwaniso lweNkqubo kunye neePatheni zokuBekwa
Ufakelo lwe-C&I ESS lubonakalisa kwiifom ezininzi zokwakha, nganye ilungele iimfuno zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiqobo yendawo. Ifomathi yekhonteyina iye yavela njengeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokusasazwa kweenkqubo ezingaphezu kwama-250 kWh. Ezi yunithi zokuthumela-zesikhongozeli{4}}ezinkulu zidibanisa iibhetri, iPCS, i-EMS, ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye noxinzelelo lomlilo kwindawo ebiyelweyo yokumelana nemozulu. Umgqomo oqhelekileyo wama-20{12}}eenyawo ungagcina i-500-1,000 kWh, ngelixa iiyunithi ezizinyawo ezingama-40 zinokugqitha kwi-2 MWh. Le fomati yenza ukuba iinkqubo zokusasazwa ngokukhawuleza zikwazi ukusebenza kwiiveki ezi-2-3 zokuhanjiswa.
Ufakelo lwekhabhathi yangaphakathi lunceda ngamagumbi ombane asele ekhona okanye imozulu{0}}izithuba ezilawulwayo. Ezi nkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-50-500 kWh, ithatha indawo ye-2-4 square metres kwaye idibanisa ngokuthe ngqo nokwakhiwa kweziseko zombane. Indawo yangaphakathi iphelisa imingeni yolawulo lobushushu kodwa ifuna umoya owaneleyo kunye nokudityaniswa koxinzelelo lomlilo. Izakhiwo zeofisi kunye neendawo zokuthengisa zihlala zikhetha le ndlela ngenxa yobuhle kunye nezizathu zendawo.
Iisistim zerack zemodyuli zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukuvumela ukwandiswa kwamandla nge-10-50 kWh ukongezwa njengoko iimfuno zeshishini ziguquka. Inkampani inokuqalisa nge-100 kWh kwaye yandise ukuya kuma-400 kWh kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphandle kokuthatha indawo yezixhobo ezikhoyo. Le ndlela inciphisa iimfuno zokuqala zenkunzi kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ithwala i-10-20% yeendleko eziphezulu nge-kWh nganye ngenxa yeenkqubo zokulawula ezingafunekiyo kunye nokunyuka kobunzima bofakelo.
Ulungelelwaniso lweHybrid oludibanisa ukugcinwa kunye nelanga, iijeneretha ezigcinayo, okanye zombini ziya zixhaphaka. ISolar-kunye-nofakelo lokugcina lungqamanisa ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa, ukugcina imveliso yasemini engaphezulu kwencochoyi yangokuhlwa. Ijenereyitha-kunye-nezixokelelwano zogcino zivumela ukucutha ubungakanani bejenereyitha{6}}ibhetri ibonelela ngomthamo wokunyuka kwaye ilawula imithwalo edlulayo ngelixa ijenereyitha isebenza ngeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo. Ezinye izibonelelo ziqesha zontathu: i-solar yomthwalo osisiseko, ugcino lokuphucula, kunye neejenereyitha zokucima okwandisiweyo.
Ixesha laMandla{0}}Isakhelo seShift
Ukuqonda ixabiso logcino lwe-C&I kufuna ukucinga ngokwemigaqo ye-arbitrage yamandla exeshana-iqhinga lentshukumo yamandla ngexesha ukunyusa inzuzo yezoqoqosho kunye nokusebenza. Lo mbono unokubonwa njengendawo yokusebenzela enemilinganiselo emithathu-ngexesha, ixabiso, kunye nokuthembeka njengeezembe.
Kwi-axis yexesha, amathuba aqala ukusuka kwi-sub{0}}ekulawulo lwefrikhwensi yesibini ukuya kugcino lwamaxesha onyaka. Uninzi lweenkqubo ze-C&I zijolise ekukhweleni ibhayisekile yonke imihla{2}}ukubamba 4-iiyure ezi-6 zamandla aphantsi{7}}amaxabiso aphantsi ukuze uwasebenzise ngeeyure ezi-2-4 zamaxabiso aphezulu. Iipateni zeveki zibalulekile kumaziko aneshedyuli eguquguqukayo-iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zinokugcina amandla empelaveki kuqalwa ngoMvulo kusasa. Ii-akhawunti zenyanga zokongezelelo zexesha lentlawulo yemfuno, ngobuchule kuthunyelwa amandla agciniweyo kwikliphu yeentsuku zemfuno.
I-axis yexabiso ayibonisi nje iindleko zombane wempahla kodwa ubume bezinga elipheleleyo. Ixesha-lo{2}}lokusebenzisa iintlawulo zamandla zinokwahluka 2-4x phakathi kwamaxesha. Iintlawulo zemfuno zingamela 30-60% yamatyala orhwebo. Iimarike zenkonzo ezincedisayo zibonelela ngengeniso eyongezelelweyo kwezinye iindawo{11}}ulawulo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha anokuhlawula i-$10-20/MW-yure ngokufumaneka. I-EMS kufuneka ilinganise ezi ziguquguqukayo ngokuqhubekayo, ithathe isigqibo sokuba ingabamba intlawulo yethuba eliqikelelweyo lexabiso eliphezulu okanye ukulikhupha ngenzuzo ekhawulezileyo.
I-axis yokuthembeka yazisa{0}}ixabiso elingelolaqoqosho. Umbane ogciniweyo ngexesha lokucima unqanda ilahleko yemveliso exabisa iindleko zamandla amancinane{2}}ukumiswa komgca wemveliso kunokubiza i-$10,000-50,000 ngeyure. Ukuxhaswa kwe-voltage kuthintela umonakalo wezixhobo kunye nokulahleka kwedatha. Ukuphuculwa komgangatho wamandla kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-harmonic okuchaphazela i-elektroniki ebuthathaka. Ezi zibonelelo zixhathisa ubungakanani obulula kodwa zihlala zithethelela utyalo-mali lokugcina nalapho uqoqosho olusulungekileyo lwe-arbitrage lubonakala luncinci.
Abaqhubi abaphumeleleyo bacinga kuzo zontathu imilinganiselo ngaxeshanye. Inkqubo inokuthi ngokuyintloko ijikeleze ukucutha intlawulo yemfuno kodwa igcine ama-20% amandla okugcina amandla, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimpendulo yemfuno xa ibizwa, kwaye ibonelele ngenkxaso yombane ngokuqhubekayo. Le ndlela yokupakisha ixabiso-indlela yokwandisa imbuyekezo iyonke ngama-40-80% xa kuthelekiswa nomsebenzi wenjongo enye.
Ukudityaniswa neeNkqubo zaMandla aVuselelekayo
Ugcino lwe-C&I luguqula isizukulwana esiphinda sihlaziyeke sibe ngamandla anokuhanjiswa, ukulungisa ukungangqinelani okusisiseko phakathi kwaxa amandla ahlaziyekayo eveliswa naxa ebaluleke kakhulu. Iiphaneli zelanga zivelisa imveliso ephezulu phakathi kwe-10 AM kunye ne-2 PM, kodwa izibonelelo zorhwebo zihlala zibona imfuno ephezulu ukusuka ku-3{7}}7 PM. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa, i-solar engaphezulu okanye ithumela ngaphandle kwigridi ngemilinganiselo ye-wholesale ($ 0.02-0.06/kWh) okanye ihambe ingasetyenziswanga ngenxa yeemfuno zokunciphisa. Ukugcinwa kubamba esi sizukulwana, ukutshintshela kwixesha eliphakamileyo elixabisa i-$ 0.15-0.35 / kWh.
Udibaniso ludala imodeli yamandla evaliweyo-eluphu. Ngexesha lemveliso ephezulu yelanga, i-PCS idlulisela ukuveliswa okugqithisileyo kwiibhetri kunegridi. Njengoko imfuno yasemva kwemini inyuka kwaye imveliso yelanga iyancipha, inkqubo iguqukela ngaphandle komthungo ekukhutshweni kwebhetri, igcina umthwalo woncedo ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwegridi. Olu lungiselelo lunokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwelanga{4}}ukusuka kwi-35-45% ukuya kwi-75-90%, kuphuculwe kakhulu uqoqosho lotyalo-mali lwelanga.
Itekhnoloji ye-Hybrid inverter yenza izigqibo ezintsonkothileyo zomzila wamandla. Ezi zixhobo zinokulawula ngaxeshanye igalelo lelanga, ukutshaja/ukukhupha ibhetri, ukungeniswa kwegridi/ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye nomthwalo woncedo{1}}ukwenza i-millisecond{2}}izigqibo zomgangatho malunga nokuhamba kwamandla afanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso angoku, uqikelelo lwesizukulwana, kunye neepateni zomthwalo. Iinkqubo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zide ziqikelele iimpembelelo zokugquma kwamafu zisebenzisa idatha yemozulu kunye nemifanekiso yesathelayithi, ukulungelelanisa kwangaphambili amaqhinga okutshaja.
Indibaniselwano ikwabonelela ukomelela ngexesha lokuphela kwegridi. Ngelixa igridi-eqhagamshelwe ilanga lelanga ngokuqhelekileyo licima ngexesha lokucima (ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi), ilanga{2}}kunye{3}}neenkqubo zokugcina zinokusebenza kwimo yesiqithi, zinika amandla imithwalo ebalulekileyo ngokungenasiphelo ngexesha lokukhanya kwemini kunye ne-4-iiyure ezili-12 emva kokutshona kwelanga kuxhomekeke kumthamo webhetri. Esi sixhobo singqineka sixabisekile njengoko ukuphazamiseka kwegridi enxulumene nemozulu kusiba rhoqo.
Iinkonzo zeGridi kunye namathuba oQoqosho lweNgeniso
Ngaphaya kwezibonelelo-zenqanaba loncedo, ufakelo lwe-C&I ESS lungenza ingeniso ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwigridi yombane. Obu buchule, okwaziwa ngokuba "ngaphambili-kwe{3}}yemitha" okanye "ngasemva-kwe{5}}yemitha ngokuthumela ngaphandle", kuguqula ugcino lwamandla ukusuka kwisixhobo sokunciphisa iindleko ukuya kwijeneretha yengeniso esebenzayo. Iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba ziyahluka ngokwentengiso kunye nolwakhiwo lolawulo, kodwa iimodeli ezininzi zingqineke zisebenza.
Iinkqubo zokuphendula imfuno zihlawula amaziko ukunciphisa okanye ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa ngexesha leziganeko zoxinzelelo lwegridi. Ugcino luvumela ukuthatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza{1}}isixhobo sibonakala sinciphisa umthwalo ngokukhupha iibhetri ngelixa sigcina umsebenzi wesiqhelo. Iinkqubo zibonelela ngeentlawulo zesakhono ($10-40/kW-year) kunye neentlawulo zamandla ($0.50-2.00/kWh ezithunyelwe). Inkqubo engama-500 kW inokuvelisa i-$15,000-30,000 ngonyaka ngempendulo yemfuno ngelixa ilungiselela iimfuno zoncedo.
Iimarike zolawulo lwamaxesha zibuyekeza iinkqubo ezinceda ukugcina i-60 Hz igridi rhoqo ngokufunxa okanye ukutofa amandla ekuphenduleni{1}}imiqondiso yexesha lokwenyani. Le nkonzo, ebibonelelwe ngaphambili zijenereyitha zokusonta, ifanele ugcino lwebhetri ngokugqwesileyo ngenxa-yamaxesha okuphendula okwesibini. Ukufaneleka kufuna ulawulo oluphambili kunye netelemetry kodwa ingakhupha i-$20-50/kW-nyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani obuphezulu bokuhamba ngebhayisikile bunokukhawulezisa ukonakaliswa kwebhetri, kufuna uhlalutyo olunononophelo lwezoqoqosho.
Iimarike zomthamo kwiindawo ezihlengahlengisiweyo zombane zivumela ugcino ukufumana iintlawulo zokubonelela ngesakhono sokwenza ugcino. Inkqubo izibophelele ekukhupheni ngexesha leziganeko zokuphakama kwenkqubo (ngokuqhelekileyo 10-iiyure ezingama-50 ngonyaka) ngokutshintshiselana ngentlawulo yenyanga. Lo matshini usebenza kakuhle ngokukodwa kuncedo olu{4}}nokuveliswa kwesiza-ugcino longeza umthamo wejenereyitha, uvumela ubungakanani bejenereyitha encinci ngelixa uhlangabezana nezibophelelo zomthamo.
Udityaniso lweplanti yamandla ebonakalayo (VPP) yenza ukuba iinkqubo ezincinci zeC&I zifikelele kwiimarike zentengiso. I-aggregators idibanisa amakhulu eenkqubo zokugcina ezisasazwayo zibe ngumthombo omnye olawulwayo omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimarike. Izibonelelo zomntu ngamnye zifumana inxalenye yengeniso yemarike ngelixa i-aggregator ijongana nebhidi, ukucwangcisa, kunye nokuhlawula. Lo mfuziselo ukhula ngokukhawuleza njengoko phantse i-53% yeeprojekthi ezintsha zidibanisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwamandla anobuchule ezikwaziyo ukusebenzisana neegridi.
ImiGangatho yoKhuseleko kunye nokuThotyelwa kweMigaqo
Iimfuno zokhuseleko ze-C&I ESS ziye zakhula kakhulu njengoko ishishini linyuka. Umgangatho ophambili, UL 9540, umisela iimfuno ezibanzi zokhuseleko ezigubungela iingozi zombane, ulawulo lobushushu, ukuthembeka koomatshini, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Ukuthobela idinga{3}}iqela lesithathu uvavanyo lweenkqubo ezipheleleyo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zeempazamo. UL 9540A yandisa oku ngovavanyo losasazo olubalekayo lwe-thermal{6}}ivavanya ukuba ingaba ukusilela kweseli enye kunokubangela ukusilela kwe-cascading.
Iinkxalabo zokhuseleko lomlilo zaqala zacothisa ukwamkelwa kwe-C&I ESS, ngakumbi emva kweziganeko ezininzi eziphezulu-zeprofayile ngo-2017-2019. Ishishini liphendule{4}}ngeendlela ezininzi zokhuseleko. Iseli{6}}inqanaba lokujongwa kwe-thermal libona ukunyuka kobushushu obungaqhelekanga phambi kokufikelela kwimigangatho ebalulekileyo. Ukucinywa komlilo kwinqanaba lemodyuli kunokwahlula kwaye kucime iziganeko ezishushu ngaphambi kokusasazwa. Iikhowudi zokwakha ngoku zifuna iinkqubo zokutshiza, umoya wokuphefumla, kunye nomgama omncinci wokwahlula kwiindawo ezinabantu.
Ulwamkelo lwekhemistri ye-LiFePO4 lulungisa iingxaki ezininzi zokhuseleko ezihambelana ne-nickel yangaphambili{1}}esekwe kwiinkqubo ze-lithium{2}}ze-ion. Iiseli ze-LFP zinobushushu obuphezulu be-thermal obubalekayo (i-270℃vs 150-180℃ye-NMC) kwaye ikhupha amandla amancinci ukuba i-thermal ibaleka. Ikhemistri ikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokuxhatshazwa njenge-overcharge, i-overdischarge, kunye nomonakalo womatshini ngcono kunezinye iindlela.
Abacimi-mlilo basekuhlaleni basebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo phezu kofakelo, ngamanye amaxesha bafuna imilinganiselo yokhuseleko eyandisiweyo ngaphaya kwemigangatho yelizwe. Iimfuno eziqhelekileyo ziquka izithintelo ze-thermal phakathi kwee-racks zebhetri, iwashi yomlilo ezinikeleyo ngexesha lofakelo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa namaqela okuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Izicwangciso zokufakela kufuneka zijongane nokufikelela kwabacimi-mlilo, iinkqubo zokuvala ngokukhawuleza, kunye nonxibelelwano oluyingozi.
Ukuthotyelwa kwekhowudi yombane kugxininise ekubekweni komhlaba okufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olungaphaya kwamandla ombane, iindlela zokuqhawula, kunye ne-arc{0}}ukubona iimpazamo. Iinkqubo kufuneka zibandakanye amanqanaba amaninzi okuqhawula{2}}amaqhosha okuvala okungxamisekileyo, izaphuli zesekethe, kunye noqhawulo lomzimba{3}}ukwenza ugcino olukhuselekileyo kunye nempendulo kaxakeka. Umhlaba -ukubona iziphene kuthintela iingozi zokothuka kombane ngelixa i-arc{6}}ukhuseleko lwempazamo lubamba ukusilela koqhagamshelwano oluphezulu{7}}phambi kokuba lube yimingcipheko yomlilo.
IModeli yoQoqosho kunye noHlalutyo loTyalo-mali
Uphononongo lwemali oluchanekileyo lweeprojekthi ze-C&I ESS lufuna ukuhamba ngaphaya kwezibalo zentlawulo ezilula ukuya kuhlalutyo olupheleleyo lwexabiso langoku (NPV) olubandakanya izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo luqala ngohlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwebhili esetyenziswayo, efuna iinyanga ezili-12-24 zedatha yemitha yesithuba ukuseka iipatheni zokusetyenziswa okusisiseko, ukuchonga iincopho zemfuno, nokubala amandla akhoyo kunye neentlawulo zemfuno kuzo zonke iishedyuli zomgangatho.
Ulungelelwaniso lobungakanani benkqubo bulinganisa iindleko ezinkulu ngokuchasene nesakhono sokulondoloza. Ukugqithisa kakhulu kubamba ukonga okungaphezulu kodwa kwandisa intlawulo ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zangaphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi. Ukuthoba ngaphantsi kunciphisa iimfuno zenkunzi kodwa kushiya amathuba okonga engasetyenziswa. Obona bukhulu buqhelekileyo bubonelela ngee-4-iiyure ezi-6 zobude bexesha lokukhupha ubungakanani ukukhawulelana ne-70-85% yemfuno ephezulu-yaneleyo ukunciphisa ngokwezinto iintlawulo zemfuno ngaphandle komthamo ogqithisileyo ojikeleza ngokungaqhelekanga.
Imodeli yezemali kufuneka ibandakanye ukuthotywa kwentsebenzo ngexesha lohlalutyo. Umthamo webhetri uyehla nge-2-5% ngonyaka ngokuxhomekeke kukuqina kwebhayisikile kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Oku kuthotywa kunciphisa ulondolozo kwiminyaka yamva njengoko inkqubo inokumelana nemfuno ephantsi yencopho. Iimodeli ezigcinayo zinokuthatha umthamo we-80% ngonyaka we-10, zifuna ukwandiswa okunokwenzeka ukugcina ukusebenza. Abanye abavelisi ngoku banikezela ngeziqinisekiso zokutshintsha umthamo, uqinisekisa ubuncinci bemigangatho yokusebenza kunye nokuzibophelela ekongezweni komthamo ukuba oko bekujoliswe kuko akufezekiswanga.
Inkuthazo ekhoyo inempembelelo enkulu kuqoqosho lweprojekthi. Iikhredithi zerhafu ye-Federal e-US ngoku zibonelela nge-30% yeendleko zenkqubo yofakelo olufanelekileyo{4}}i-$300,000 yenkqubo ifumana i-$ 90,000 yetyala, iphucula ngoko nangoko intlawulo nge-2{12}}3 iminyaka. Iinkqubo zelizwe kunye nezinto eziluncedo zongeza omnye umaleko. Inkqubo ye-Self-Generation yaseCalifornia ibonelela ngezaphulelo ezongezelelweyo ze-0.15-0.25/Wh. Massachusetts inika Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target inkqubo multipliers yokugcina. Ezi zikhuthazi zitshintsha rhoqo, zifuna uphando lwangoku ngexesha locwangciso lweprojekthi.
Ulwakhiwo lwenkxaso-mali lususela ekuthengeni ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kwimifuziselo yobunini eyohlukeneyo-yeqela lesithathu. Amandla -njenge{3}}i{4}}izivumelwano zenkonzo zivumela amaziko ukuba asebenzise iinkqubo ezingenamali yenkunzi, endaweni yoko kuhlawulwe umrhumo wenyanga wenkonzo ongaphantsi kunokongiwe obuqikelelweyo. Umphuhlisi ungumnini kwaye ugcina inkqubo, ubamba izibonelelo zerhafu, kwaye wabelane ngolondolozo kunye nesikhungo sokusingatha. Iimodeli zokuqeshisa zahlula umahluko{7}}indawo ingabanini kwaye iqhuba inkqubo kodwa ixhasa imali eyinkunzi ngeentlawulo zengqeshiso. Izivumelwano zokuthenga umbane (PPAs) zisebenza kakuhle ngakumbi kwisola{9}}kunye{10}}nogcino, ukuqokelelwa kwemveliso kunye nokugcinwa kwireyithi enye ye-$/kWh.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Lithini ixesha lokuhlawula eliqhelekileyo lofakelo lwe-C&I ESS?
Amaxesha okuhlawula asusela kwi-3-iminyaka emi-6 ukulungiselela kakuhle-ufakelo olulungisiweyo kwiimeko ezivumayo ukuya kutsho kwi-8-12 iminyaka kwiimarike ezinomlinganiselo omncinci wokusasazeka. Umda wexesha uxhomekeke ikakhulu kumsantsa phakathi kwamazinga ombane ophuma phezulu kunye nowongangeni kakhulu, amanqanaba entlawulo yemfuno, kunye nenkuthazo ekhoyo. Izibonelelo zaseCalifornia, eNew York, okanye eMassachusetts zidla ngokubona imbuyekezo ekhawulezayo kunezo zikwimimandla enemigangatho egudileyo.
Ngaba ezi nkqubo zingasebenza ngokwenene ngexesha lokucima kombane?
Ewe, kodwa ulungelelwaniso lubalulekile. Igridi-iinkqubo ezibotshiweyo ngaphandle kwesakhono sesiqithi ziya kuvala ngexesha lokungabikho ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo ezenzelwe ukukwazi ukugcina i-backup zibandakanya ukutshintshwa kokutshintshwa kunye nolawulo lwendlela yesiqithi, ukuvumela ukuqhubeka nokusebenza. Ubude bexesha lamandla ogcino luxhomekeke kubungakanani bebhetri nakumthwalo obalulekileyo-inkqubo engama-500 kWh exhasa i-50 kW yemithwalo ebalulekileyo ibonelela malunga neeyure ezili-10 zogcino.
Iinkqubo ze-C&I ESS zihlala ixesha elingakanani?
Iinkqubo ze-lithium zomgangatho - zikholisa ukuqinisekiswa iminyaka eyi-10 nge-60-80% yokugcina umthamo. Obona bomi buxhomekeke kukuqina kwebhayisikile, ubunzulu bokukhutshwa, kunye nobushushu bokusebenza. Iinkqubo zokuhamba ngebhayisikile kanye yonke imihla kwi-80% ubunzulu bokukhutshwa ngokuqhelekileyo zifikelela kwi-6,000-8,000 imijikelezo-malunga ne-16-22 yeminyaka yobomi bekhalenda. Nangona kunjalo, uqoqosho luhlala luthanda ukutshintshwa okanye ukwandiswa kweminyaka eyi-10-15 nokuba iinkqubo zihlala zisebenza.
Loluphi ugcino olufunwa zezi nkqubo?
Iimfuneko zesondlo zindilisekile. Uhlolo lonyaka luqinisekisa ukusebenza kolawulo lobushushu, jonga uqhagamshelo lombane, uhlaziyo lwesoftware, kwaye uphonononge idatha yempilo yebhetri. Uninzi lwabavelisi bacebisa uphononongo lokujonga okude ngekota ukuchonga imiba enokubakho. Ukutshintshwa kwecandelo{3}}ingakumbi i-inverter electronics{4}}kusenokufuneka emva kweminyaka eyi-10-15. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-1-2% yeendleko zenkqubo rhoqo ngonyaka ukulungiselela ukulungiswa nokubeka iliso.
Itekhnoloji ye-C&I ESS iye yakhula ukusuka kwisicelo se-niche ukuya kwisixhobo solawulo lwamandla, esiqhutywa kukuphucula uqoqosho kunye neenzuzo zokusebenza eziqinisekisiweyo. Ngelixa iindleko zangaphambili kunye nobunzima bobugcisa buhlala buqwalaselwa, indibaniselwano yeendlela ezininzi zexabiso -zokunciphisa intlawulo yemfuno, i-arbitrage yamandla, amandla okugcina, kunye nokunyuka, iinkonzo zegridi{2}}zidala imbuyekezo enyanzelisayo kuncedo oluninzi lwezorhwebo nezoshishino. I-C&I ESS iyaqhubeka nokuvela, kunye neebhetri ezingcono, ulawulo olukrelekrele, kunye namathuba amatsha engeniso eyandisa imarike enokulungiswa. Kumashishini avavanya ugcino lwamandla, undoqo ulele kuhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lweepateni zomthwalo woncedo, ulwakhiwo lweereyithi, kunye nenkuthazo ekhoyo ukufumanisa ukuba uqoqosho oluthile luhambelana neenjongo zombutho.