Ugcino lwamandla ebhetri yeLithium lubamba amandla ombane ngokuhlangana kweekhemikhali ezibuyiselwa umva phakathi kwe-lithium{0}}equlathe i-cathode kunye ne-anode esekwe kwi-carbon, kunye ne-lithium ion ezivaleka nge-electrolyte ngexesha lokutshaja nokukhupha imijikelo. Le nkqubo iguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla ekhemikhali angawagcina, emva koko abuyele kumbane xa kuyimfuneko.
Isiseko se-Electrochemical
Ikhemistri ephantsi kogcino lwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium ixhomekeke kwi-oxidation-ekuncitshisweni kweentshukumo ezenzeka kwii-electrode ezimbini ezintywiliselwa kwisisombululo se-electrolyte. Xa ibhetri ikhupha amandla kumthwalo, ii-ion ze-lithium (Li+) zifuduka kwi-electrode ekhabayo ngolwelo lwe-electrolyte ukuya kwi-electrode elungileyo. Ngaxeshanye, ii-electron zihamba kwisekethe yangaphandle kwicala elifanayo, zivelisa umbane wombane.
I-anode idla ngokuqulatha igraphite, apho iiathom zelithium zidibana-zizifaka ngokwazo ngokwazo{1}}phakathi kwamaleko e-athom yekhabhoni kwisakhiwo esimelwe njenge-LiC₆ (i-athomu ye-lithium enye kwii-athom zekhabhoni ezintandathu). Ngexesha lokukhutshwa, ezi athom ze-lithium zingena kwi-oxidation, zilahlekelwa ii-electron ukuze zenze ii-ion ze-lithium ezifanelekileyo. Ii-electron ezikhululekile zihamba ngesiphaluka sangaphandle, zihambisa amandla kwizixhobo ezixhunyiwe okanye iigridi.
Kwi-cathode, iimpendulo zokunciphisa zenzeka. Izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-cathode ziquka i-lithium cobalt oxide (i-LiCoO₂), i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), okanye i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Xa i-lithium ion ifika kwi-cathode emva kokuhamba nge-electrolyte, iyamkela ii-electron eziye zahamba ngesiphaluka sangaphandle, zigqiba ukuphendula. Olu gqithiso lwe-electron phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode-kulawulwe yintshukumo ye-lithium ion{4}}yinto eyenza amandla ombane esiwasebenzisayo.
I-electrolyte isebenza njengohola we-ionic. Uninzi lweebhetri ze-lithium -ze-ion zisebenzisa i-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) inyibilikiswe kwizinyibilikisi ze-organic carbonate. Le ndlela yolwelo ivumela ii-ion ze-lithium ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwee-electrode ngelixa unqanda uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo lombane olunokuthi- lujikeleze ibhetri. Isahluli se-microporous ngokwahlulahlula ngokwasemzimbeni i-anode kunye ne-cathode, ivumela ukuhamba kwe-ion ngelixa ivimba i-electron passage.
Umjikelo wentlawulo{0}}yokukhupha
Yintoni eyenza ugcino lwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium luxabiseke ngakumbi kukubuyisela umva kwakhona. Xa uqhagamshelwe kumthombo wamandla{1}}iiphaneli zesola, iiinjini zomoya, okanye igridi yombane{2}}inkqubo yonke ibuyela umva. Iiyoni zeLithium zifuduka zisuka kwicathode ziye kwi anode, apho zigcinwa njengelithiated graphite. Ii-electron zihamba kwelinye icala kwisekethe, ngokuyintloko "zityhala" amandla abuyele ebhetrini.
Lo buchule bokuphinda-phindeke kabini kungenxa yokuba ezi nkqubo zigqwesa kugcino lwegridi. Ngexesha lokuveliswa okuphezulu okuhlaziyekayo okanye imfuno ephantsi yombane, iibhetri zitshaja ngokufunxa amandla agqithisileyo. Xa imfuno iphezulu okanye imveliso ehlaziywayo iyancipha, inkqubo yokukhupha ikhupha amandla agcinwe kwigridi. Umjikelo ungaphinda amawaka amaxesha -ibhetri ye-lithium yangoku{4}}ibhetri ye-ion ifezekise i-2,000 ukuya kwi-5,000 yentlawulo epheleleyo{9}}imijikelo yokukhupha phambi kokuthotywa komthamo omkhulu.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwale -inkqubo yohambo lokuya nokubuya (amandla ngaphandle ahlulwe ngamandla) afikelela kuma-85% kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa igridi{2}}. Loo 15% ilahleko ibonakala njengobushushu, yiyo loo nto ulawulo lwe-thermal luba lubalulekileyo kufakelo olukhulu. Amanye amandla achithakala ngexesha lokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-ion nge-electrolyte.
Iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri
Akukho nkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-lithium isebenza ngaphandle kolawulo olukrelekrele. IiNkqubo zoLawulo lweBattery (BMS) zibeka iliso kwiiparamitha ezininzi ngexesha lokwenyani: umbane weseli nganye, amaqondo obushushu, ukuqukuqela okukhoyo, kunye nemeko yentlawulo. Olu longamelo luthintela iimeko ezinokonakalisa ibhetri okanye zidale imingcipheko yokhuseleko.
Ukuntywila ngokugqithisileyo kubonisa inkxalabo ephambili. Ukuba amandla amaninzi ageleza kwibhetri egcwele ngokupheleleyo, i-lithium ion egqithisileyo ayinandawo yakudibana, oko kunokubangela i-lithium plating{1}}i-metallic lithium idipozithwe kumphezulu we-anode kunokufaka phakathi kweeleya zegraphite. Ezi zidiphozithi zinokwenza ii-dendrites, inaliti encinci{3}}njengezinto ezinokuthi zigqobhoze isahluli kwaye mfutshane{4}}ijikeleze ibhetri, ibangele ukubaleka kwe-thermal.
I-BMS ikwalawula ulungelelwaniso lweeseli. Kwibhetri equlathe amakhulu okanye amawaka eeseli ezidityaniswe kuthotho kunye noqwalaselo olunxuseneyo, ukuhluka okuncinci kumthamo kunye nokuchasana kwangaphakathi akunakuphepheka. Ngaphandle kokungenelela, ezinye iiseli ziya kuhlawuliswa ngaphezulu ngelixa ezinye zintywila ngaphantsi kumjikelo ngamnye, zinyusa ukuwohloka. I-BMS ilinganisa amanqanaba entlawulo kuzo zonke iiseli, yandisa ubomi benkqubo yokusebenza.
Ulawulo lobushushu ngomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Iibhetri zeLithium-zisebenza kakuhle phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-35 degree. Ngaphantsi kwe-0 degree, iingozi ze-lithium plating zanda kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuhamba kwe-ion kwi-electrolyte kuncipha. Ngaphezulu kwe-45 degree, ukuphendula okungafunekiyo kwecala kuyakhawuleza, kudla i-lithium esebenzayo kunye nokuthotywa kwe-electrolyte components. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zokugcina amandla ebhetri zibandakanya iinkqubo zokupholisa ulwelo, ukujikeleza komoya, okanye isigaba{9}}sokutshintsha imathiriyeli ukugcina iimeko ezifanelekileyo zobushushu.
Ukusuka kwiiSeli ukuya kwiiNkqubo
Ukuqonda ukuba isebenza njani iseli yebhetri enye kukhanyisa inxalenye yomfanekiso kuphela. Igridi-isikali se-lithium yenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri ihlanganisa amawaka eeseli kwiimodyuli, ezidityaniswa kwiirekhi, ezigcwalisa ukuthunyelwa{2}}isikhongozeli{3}}seyunithi yobungakanani. Into eluncedo{5}ufakelo lwesikali lusenokuqulatha ezininzi zezi zikhongozeli.
Inkqubo yokuguqula amandla (PCS) idibanisa uluhlu lwebhetri kwigridi yombane. Ekubeni iibhetri zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo (DC) ngelixa igridi isebenzisa i-alternating current (AC), ii-inverters ziguqula amandla phakathi kwezi fom. Iziguquli zala maxesha zikwabonelela ngeenkonzo zegridi ngaphaya kokutshaja nokukhupha ngokulula{2}}zinokutofa okanye zifunxe amandla asebenzayo ukuze zilawule amandla ombane, zilungelelanise imveliso yazo ukuzinzisa amaza egridi, kwaye ziphendule ukuphazamiseka kwegridi ngaphakathi kweemilliseconds.
I-California ifake i-7.3 GW yomthamo wokugcina ibhetri ngo-2024, kusetyenziswa i-lithium{2}}iteknoloji ye-ion. I-Texas yongeze i-3.2 GW. Ezi nkqubo azigcini nje ngokugcina amandla ahlaziyekayo ukuze zisetyenziswe kamva; bathatha indawo yegesi yendalo "incopho" yezityalo ebezibonelele ngaphambili amandla okugcina ngexesha -eliphezulu lemfuno. Inkqubo yebhetri yeeyure ezi-4 inokukhupha amandla apheleleyo kwiiyure ezine ngaphambi kokuba iphelelwe, iyenze ilungele ukugubungela iincopho zeemfuno zangokuhlwa xa ukuveliswa kwelanga kwehla kodwa ukusetyenziswa kombane kuhlala kuphezulu.
Ukwahluka kweKhemistry yezinto eziphathekayo
Ayizizo zonke iibhetri ze-lithium{0}}ezisebenzisa iikhemistri ezifanayo. Izinto ezithile ze-cathode zigqiba iimpawu eziphambili zokusebenza. Iibhetri zeLithium iron phosphate (LFP) ziye zaba zezona ziphambili kwizicelo zogcino olumileyo, zithatha i80% yofakelo olutsha ngo-2023. I-LFP ibonelela ngozinzo oluphezulu lobushushu xa kuthelekiswa ne-nickel{5}}i-cobalt cathodes{6}iqhelekile kakhulu kwi-thermal cycles{7}} kwaye iphumelela ukodlula umjikelo we-0 obude, kwaye iphumelela ukodlula umjikelo we-0 obude, kwaye iphumelela ukodlula umjikelo we-0 ubude
Urhwebo luxinaniso lwamandla. I-LFP igcina malunga ne-160 Wh/kg kwinqanaba leseli, xa kuthelekiswa ne-200-300 Wh/kg yeekhemistri ze-NMC. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizithuthi zombane apho ubunzima kunye nomthamo uthintelwe, kodwa ubukhulu becala ayibalulekanga kugcino lwegridi apho indawo ebonakalayo ininzi kwaye ukhuseleko, ubomi obude, kunye neendleko zithatha kuqala.
I-Nickel-i-cathodes etyebileyo ihambisa amandla aphezulu kwaye iyakhethwa kwizicelo ezifuna ukugcinwa okuphezulu kwindawo encinci. Nangona kunjalo, zibiza kakhulu ngenxa ye-cobalt kunye nomxholo we-nickel, kwaye bafuna ulawulo oluphezulu lwe-thermal. I-cathode ithatha malunga ne-30% yeendleko zebhetri zizonke, ngoko ke ukhetho lwemathiriyeli luchaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lweprojekthi.
Uphando luyaqhubeka kwezinye izinto ze-anode. I-silicon inokuthi igcine i-lithium ephindwe kalishumi kune-graphite ngeyunithi yobunzima, kodwa idumba kakhulu ngexesha le-lithiation, ibangela uxinzelelo lomatshini oluphula i-electrode emva kwemijikelezo ephindaphindiweyo. Iindlela zangoku zidibanisa amanani amancinci e-silicon kunye negraphite, ngokunyuka kokuphucula umthamo ngelixa ulawula ingxaki yokwandisa. I-Lithium titanate anode ibonelela ngokhuseleko olukhethekileyo kwaye inokuhlawulisa ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, kodwa ukuxinwa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokwamkelwa kweendleko eziphezulu.
Ukuthotywa koMsebenzi kunye nexesha loBomi
Umthamo webhetri uyehla kancinci xa usetyenziswa. Umjikelo ngamnye wentlawulo-yokukhupha itya isixa esincinci se-lithium esebenzayo ngokuphendula ecaleni okungajikwanga. Isiqina-se-electrolyte interphase (SEI){4}}umaleko okhuselayo owenza kumphezulu we-anode{5}}ukhula ngokuqhubekayo, usebenzisa i-lithium ion. Iimathiriyeli zeCathode ziwohloka kancinane, zikhupha ii-ion zetsimbi ezifudukela kwi-anode apho zinokubangela ukusabela okungafunwayo.
Izinga lokuphelelwa amandla lixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zokusebenza. Iibhetri zijikelezwe phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-80% umthamo womthamo uthotha kancinci kunezo zitshajwa rhoqo ukuya kwi-100% kwaye zikhutshwe ukuya kwi-0%. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukuthotywa ngokukhawuleza{6}}ukusebenza kwi-45℃xa kuthelekiswa ne-25℃kunganciphisa ubomi obusebenzisekayo ngesiqingatha. Amazinga aphezulu okutshaja kunye nokukhupha (C{10}}amaxabiso) nawo anyusa ukuguga, nangona iiseli zanamhlanje zibamba amaxabiso e-1C (intlawulo epheleleyo okanye ukukhutshwa ngeyure enye) ngokufanelekileyo.
Igridi-izixokelelwano zesikali ziqhele ukurhola iibhetri xa umthamo uwela kuma-70-80% yoqobo. Kodwa iibhetri azinaxabiso okwangoku. Imakethi ekhulayo "yobomi besibini" yenza kwakhona iibhetri zeemoto kwindawo yokugcina. Iibhetri zemoto zombane ezidla umhlala-phantsi, azisafanelekanga kwiimfuno zokusebenza ezifunwayo zezothutho, zinokusebenza iminyaka kwizicelo zegridi ezingafunwa kakhulu. Olu setyenziso lwe-Cascade luphucula uqoqosho lwendlela yokuphila kunye nokuzinza kwetekhnoloji yebhetri ye-lithium.
Ukudityaniswa kweNkqubo yokuGcina amandla
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri yeLithium azisebenzi zodwa. Zidibanisa nokuveliswa okuvuselelekayo, amaziko ombane aqhelekileyo, amaziko othumelo, kunye neemarike zombane. Ifama yelanga edityaniswe nogcino lwebhetri ingabonelela ngomthamo oqinileyo-ukuqinisekisa umbane oqinisekisiweyo ngeeyure ezithile{3}}kunokuba ukuvelisa okomzuzwana kuxhomekeke kwimozulu. Oku kuguqula amandla elanga ukusuka kwimo yezulu{5}}ubutyebi obuxhomekeke kwinto esondela kwisikhululo samandla esinokuthunyelwa.
Esona sicelo sikhawulezayo-kulawulo lwamaza. Iigridi zombane kufuneka zigcine i-frequency echanekileyo (i-60 Hz kuMntla Melika, i-50 Hz kuninzi lweminye imimandla) ngokuhlala ulungelelanisa isizukulwana kunye nomthwalo. Xa imfuno isanda ngokukhawuleza, i-frequency iyancipha; xa isizukulwana sidlula imfuno, ukuphindaphinda kuyenyuka. Ngokwemveli, iiplanti ezinkulu zamandla obushushu zilungelelanise imveliso yazo ukulungisa ukungalingani. Iisistim zebhetri zinokuphendula ngeemilliseconds kunemizuzu, zibonelela ngolawulo oluphezulu lwamaza kusetyenziswa umthamo omncinci kakhulu.
Ixesha-utshintsho lumele omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Kwiimarike ezinexesha{2}}lo{3}}lokusebenzisa amaxabiso ombane, iibhetri zihlawulisa xa amaxabiso ephantsi (ngokuqhelekileyo ngeeyure zokwenziwa ngokutsha okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo) kwaye zikhutshwa xa amaxabiso enyuke. I-California ihlala ivelisa amandla elanga angaphezulu ngexesha lasemini{5}}ngamanye amaxesha ivelisa ngaphezulu kunokusebenzisa igridi. Iinkqubo zogcino zifunxa oku kugqithisileyo, emva koko zikhuphe ngeeyure zangokuhlwa xa imveliso yelanga ihla kodwa imfuno ihlala iphakamile.
Ukhuseleko kunye ne-Thermal Runaway
Ukubaleka kwe-Thermal{0}}ukuzeyisa{1}}itsheyini elikhawulezayo ukusabela apho ukuveliswa kobushushu kudlula ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu{2}}kubonisa eyona nkxalabo yokhuseleko yogcino lwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium. Xa sele iqalisiwe, ubushushu bangaphakathi bunokugqithisa i-800 degree, ikhupha iigesi ezinokutsha kwaye inokubangela umlilo.
I-trigger ingaba yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle. Iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi zinokubangelwa kukwenziwa kwe-dendrite, ukungaphumeleli kwesahluli, okanye iziphene zokuvelisa. Izinto zangaphandle ziquka umonakalo womzimba, ukutshaja ngokugqithiseleyo, okanye ukuvezwa kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Nje ukuba iseli enye ingene kwindawo yokubaleka eshushu, ubushushu bunokusasaza kwiiseli ezingabamelwane, ezinokuthi ziphume ngemodyuli yonke okanye irack.
Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokhuseleko zisebenzisa iileya ezininzi zokuzikhusela. Kwinqanaba leseli, izahluli zisebenzisa i-ceramic{1}}izinto ezigqunyiweyo ezivala kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, zithintele uthutho lwe-ion. Kwinqanaba lemodyuli, -imiqobo ekwaziyo ukumelana nomlilo kunye nekhefu le-thermal lithintela ukwanda kobushushu phakathi kweeseli. Inkqubo-ukhuselo lwenqanaba lubandakanya imvakalelo yobushushu ebanzi, uqhagamshelo oluzenzekelayo lweemodyuli ezingalunganga, kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokucinezela umlilo.
Iziganeko zomlilo ziye zehla kakhulu njengoko iteknoloji ikhula. Izinga leziganeko ezibalulekileyo zokugcinwa kweebhetri zehle ngo-2024 xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo, ngeziganeko nje ezintlanu eziphambili kwihlabathi jikelele. Ufakelo lwakwangoko luhlala lusebenzisa i-nickel-manganese{4}}ikhemistri ye-cobalt kuqwalaselo olungakhange lulungise ngokwaneleyo ulawulo lobushushu. Iiprojekthi zangoku zisebenzisa kakhulu ikhemistri ye-LFP enemodyuli,{6}}uyilo olunomoya olungileyo olunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko womlilo.
Umlilo kaJanuwari 2025 kwindawo yokuHlala eMoss yaseCalifornia-oye wanyanzela ukufuduswa kwabahlali abayi-1,200{4}}ubandakanye uyilo lwenkqubo endala. Iikhowudi zale mihla zokhuseleko, ngakumbi i-NFPA 855 eyamkelwe kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo, isithuba esigunyazisayo phakathi kweerekhi zebhetri, umoya ophuculweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuqulatha eziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuthintela ukusasazeka komlilo. Le migangatho ihlala iguquka njengoko ishishini liqokelela amava okusebenza.
Ukusebenza koQoqosho
Iindleko zokugcina amandla ebhetri yeLithium zehle kakhulu. Ixabiso lehle ukusuka kwi- $1,400 ngekilowatt-ngeyure ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-$139/kWh ngo-2023, noqikelelo lokucutha ngakumbi nge-40% ngo-2030. Oku kuhla kweendleko kukhwankqisayo phakathi kweyona ndlela ikhawulezayo kuyo nayiphi na iteknoloji yamandla{10}}iziphumo zokwenziwa kwemveliso, ukuphucuka koqoqosho, ukuphuculwa koqoqosho.
I-China iyongamela imveliso yehlabathi, yenza malunga ne-70% yeebhetri ze-lithium{1}}ezingena kwimarike. Amakhonkco onikezelo adityanisiweyo elizwe ngokuthe nkqo, ukusuka kwimigodi ye-lithium kunye nokusulungekiswa ngokwenziwa kweeseli kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo, kubonelela ngeenzuzo zeendleko ezibalulekileyo. Ibhidi kaDisemba ka-2024 e-China yokuvaleka kweebhetri kunye neenkqubo zokuguqula amandla ezikwi-avareji ye-$66/kWh, malunga nesiqingatha somndilili wehlabathi xa kungaqukwanga iindleko zofakelo kunye noqhagamshelo kwigridi.
Umgangatho wexabiso logcino (LCOS){0}}konke{1}}ngexabiso ngekilowatt{2}}ngeyure yamandla anikezelweyo kubomi benkqubo{3}}iyahluka ngokwesicelo kunye nendawo. Iinkqubo ze-Lithium - ngoku zikhuphisana ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nezityalo ze-peaker zegesi yendalo ixesha elide ukuya kwiiyure ze-4-8. Ukuhlala ixesha elide kuba lucelomngeni; Ubudlelwane bomgca phakathi komthamo wokugcina kunye neendleko kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yeeyure ezili-10 ixabisa malunga ne-2.5 amaxesha enkqubo yeeyure ezi-4 ngelixa amathuba engeniso eyongezelelweyo ayinakulinganiswa ngokulinganayo.
Le nyaniso yezoqoqosho ichaza ukuba kutheni uninzi lofakelo logcino lwegridi lusebenzisa 2-iinkqubo zeyure ezi-4. I-avareji yobude bexesha inyuke ukusuka kwiiyure ezi-1.8 ngo-2020 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-2.4 ngo-2024, kodwa ukolulwa ukuya kwi-10+ ubude beyure kufuna ubuchwephesha obahlukeneyo. Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo, ugcino lomoya, okanye ihydrogen eluhlaza iba ziindleko ezingaphezulu{9}}zisebenza ixesha elide kakhulu, nangona i-lithium-ion iqhubeleka nokuphucula uqoqosho lwayo kangangexesha ukuya kwiiyure ezisi-8 ukuya kwezili-10.
Ukukhula kweMarike kunye neNdlela yekamva
Ukusasazwa kogcino lwamandla ebhetri kwihlabathi jikelele kufikelele kwi-160 GW yesakhono esongezelekayo ngo-2024, kunye nama-72 GW adityanisiweyo kulo nyaka kuphela{3}omele ngaphezu kwe-45% yofakelo lwembali lulonke. I-China ikhokele nge-36 GW yomthamo omtsha, ilandelwa yi-United States kunye ne-13 GW kunye neYurophu kunye ne-10 GW. Oku kukhula okuqhumayo kubonisa iindleko ezihlayo, imigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo, kunye nokwanda kokungena kwamandla ahlaziyekayo okufuna ukugcinwa kozinzo lwegridi.
Imarike kulindeleke ukuba yandise ukusuka kwi-13.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2024 ukuya kwi-43.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2030, ikhula nge-21% ngonyaka. Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo ikhawulezisa ukwamkelwa komntwana{6}}amazwe alishumi elinesibini ase-US amisele ugcino lwamandla ekujoliswe kuwo, kwaye izigunyaziso ezifanayo zikhona kwihlabathi jikelele. I-European Union ibonelele nge-20% isiqabu kwi-VAT kwiinkqubo zokugcina ibhetri ngo-2023, ngelixa i-China ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali eninzi yofakelo lwegridi{12}}yemilinganiselo.
I-Lithium-iyoni iyakugcina ukongamela ngo-2030 kuninzi lwezicelo, kodwa ezinye iindlela ziyavela. Iibhetri ze-sodium - zeion, zisebenzisa isodiyam eninzi endaweni ye-lithium, zinokubamba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10% yemarike yokugcina amandla ngo-2030, ngakumbi kwizicelo apho ukuxinana kwamandla asezantsi kwamkelekile. Ezi bhetri zibiza malunga ne-30% ngaphantsi kwee-lithium iron phosphate equivalents kwaye ziphelise ukuxhomekeka ekunyanzelweni okukhulayo kwe-lithium supply chain.
Ibhetri yemeko eSolid-imele-ixesha elide lotshintsho. Ngokufaka endaweni ye-electrolyte engamanzi ngeeconductors eziqinileyo ze-ionic, zithembisa ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu (okunokuthi kudlule kuma-400 Wh/kg), ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo ngenxa{4}}yee-electrolyte ezinokutsha, kunye nobomi bomjikelo omde. Abavelisi abakhulu beemoto babhengeze izicwangciso zentengiso ekupheleni kwe2020s, kwaye izicelo zokugcina ezimileyo ziya kulandela. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza{8}}iibhetri zelizwe ezomeleleyo kwisikali kunye neendleko ezamkelekileyo zihlala zingasonjululwa.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Zisebenza kangakanani iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-lithium xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubugcisa bokugcina?
Iinkqubo zeLithium-zifikelela kuma-85% ukuya nokubuya{2}}uhambo olunempumelelo njengomgangatho wosetyenziso{3}}lofakelo lwesikali, lusebenza ukodlula uninzi lwezinye iindlela. Ukugcinwa kombane omponsiweyo ukusuka kwi-70 -}80% ukusebenza kakuhle, ukugcinwa komoya ocinezelweyo kufikelela kwi-42-55%, kwaye iibhetri ezihambayo zihambisa ngokuqhelekileyo i-60-80%. Kuphela ziinkqubo ezithile zokugcina oomatshini ezifana nee-flywheels ezihambelanayo okanye zigqithise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-lithium-ion, kodwa zilinganiselwe kubude bexesha elifutshane lokukhupha lemizuzu kuneeyure.
Yintoni ebangela ukuba amandla ebhetri ye-lithium athobeke ngokuhamba kwexesha?
Iindlela ezininzi zenza igalelo ekuphelelweni kwamandla. Umaleko -oluqilima we-electrolyte interphase kwi-anode uyakhula ngokuqhubekayo, usebenzisa i-lithium ion kwiimpendulo zecala. Izinto zeCathode zibola ngokuthe ngcembe, zikhupha ii-ion zetsimbi ezifudukela kwi-anode kwaye zibangele ukuwohloka okungakumbi. I-solvents ye-Electrolyte idiliza phantsi koxinzelelo lombane, yenze i-insulating deposits kwi-electrode surfaces. Ukusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iintlawulo ezipheleleyo, okanye intlawulo ekhawulezileyo{5}}amaxabiso okukhutshwa ayazikhawulezisa zonke ezi nkqubo.
Ngaba iibhetri ze-lithium zingaqhuma, kwaye oku kuthintelwa njani?
Ukubaleka ngokushushu kunokubangela imililo kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo olunokubakho ukuba iigesi zebhetri zivutha kwiindawo ezivaliweyo, nangona oku kunqabile ngoyilo olululo. Iinkqubo zale mihla zithintela oku ngokhuseleko oluninzi: i-ceramic{1}}izahluli ezigqunyiweyo ezivala kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo, imiqobo ye-thermal phakathi kweeseli, ujongo olubanzi lobushushu, uqhagamshelo lwemodyuli oluzenzekelayo, iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokucima umlilo, kunye nokukhethwa kwekhemistri yeseli ngononophelo (ikhemistri ye-LFP esetyenziswa kuninzi logcino lwegridi luzinzile ngakumbi kunezinye).
Ihlala ixesha elingakanani inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-lithium?
Igridi-isikali se-lithium{1}}iinkqubo ze-ion ziqhele ukusebenza iminyaka eyi-10-iminyaka eyi-15 phambi kokuba ifune ukutshintshwa kwebhetri, ifumana 2,000{9}}5,000 imijikelo yokukhupha intlawulo egcweleyo ngokuxhomekeke kwikhemistri kunye neemeko zokusebenza. Iibhetri ze-LFP zihlala ixesha elide kunokwahluka kwe-NMC. Inkqubo yeziseko zophuhliso-inverters, iinkqubo zokulawula, izindlu-zihlala zihlala iminyaka eyi-20-25, zivumela ukutshintshwa kwebhetri ngaphandle kokuvuselela ukufakela konke. Iindlela zokusebenza zichaphazela kakhulu ixesha lokuphila; ukunciphisa intlawulo yoluhlu ukuya 20-80% kunokuba 0-100% unako ngempumelelo umjikelo kabini ubomi.
Iimpembelelo eziBanzi
Indlela yokusebenza yogcino lwamandla ebhetri ye-lithium-i-ion ze-lithium ezivala phakathi kwee-electrode ngelixa ii-electron zihamba kwiisekethe zangaphandle{1}}ibe sisiseko sotshintsho lwamandla. Ezi nkqubo azenzi mbane, kodwa ukukwazi kwazo ukwahlula ukuvelisa ixesha ukusuka kusetyenziso kuvumela imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ukuba ibonelele ngamandla athembekileyo ngaphandle kobume bethutyana.
Abasebenzisi begridi baya bebona ugcino lwebhetri ingeyiyo itekhnoloji entsha kodwa njengeziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo. Iiprojekthi zoLawulo lweeNkcukacha zaMandla e-US umthamo webhetri uya kugqitha owepetroleum{3}}yejenereyitha ezitshisiweyo ngo-2025. Olu tshintsho ukusuka kwifosili{5}esekwe kwisizukulwana esithumelayo ukuya kwisizukulwana esivuselelekayo kunye nogcino lumele uhlengahlengiso olusisiseko lwendlela iigridi zombane ezisebenza ngayo.
Itekhnoloji iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Uphando lujolise ekwandiseni ukuxinana kwamandla, ukunciphisa iindleko, ukuphucula ukhuseleko, kunye nokuphuhlisa izinto ezizinzileyo. Ukuphumeza i-terawatt-isikali seyure sogcino olufunekayo kwiigridi ze-decarbonized nzulu-uqikelelo lubonisa i-930 GW yomthamo wokugcina e-US kuphela ngo-2050-iya kufuna ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha kwisayensi yemathiriyeli, iinkqubo zokuvelisa, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo.
Ngeli xesha, iimpendulo ze-electrochemical ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwezigidi zeeseli zebhetri kwihlabathi liphela, ezingabonakali kubasebenzisi kodwa zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, zisiya ziqinisekisa ukuba izibane zethu zihlala nini, iifektri zethu zisebenza, kwaye amandla ethu avuselelekayo afikelela kuthi.