Ugcino lwebhetri lwamandla ahlaziyekayo lubamba umbane owenziwe kwimithombo efana nelanga nomoya, uwugcine kwimo yekhemikhali ngaphakathi kweeseli zebhetri, kwaye uwukhuphele kwakhona kwigridi xa imfuno ingaphezulu kobonelelo. Inkqubo isebenzisa isoftware ekrelekrele ukujonga iimeko zegridi kunye nokwandisa imijikelo yokutshaja kunye nokukhupha ngokusekwe kumaxabiso ombane, iipatheni zemfuno, kunye nokufumaneka kokuveliswa ngokutsha.
Amacandelo anguNdoqo weeNkqubo zokuGcina ibhetri
Indawo eluncedo{0}}isikali senkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri inamalungu amathandathu adityanisiweyo asebenza kunye ukulawula ukuhamba kwamandla.
Iimodyuli zebhetri zenza intliziyo yenkqubo. Ezi modyuli ziqulathe amawaka eeseli ezizimeleyo{1}}ngokuqhelekileyo i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) okanye i-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) chemistry -ecwangciswe ngokweerakhi. Irack nganye inokubamba phakathi kwe-50 ukuya kwiimodyuli ze-100 ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo. Iimodyuli zigcina amandla ombane njengamandla ekhemikhali, kunye nee-electron ezihamba phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode nge-electrolyte ngexesha lokutshaja kunye nokukhupha imijikelezo.
Inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri ibeka esweni impilo kunye nokhuseleko lwemodyuli nganye ngexesha langempela. Ilandelela iiparamitha ezibandakanya amandla ombane, okwangoku, ubushushu, kunye nemo yentlawulo kumawaka eendawo zokulinganisa. Xa kuvela okungaqhelekanga{2}}okufana nokunyuka kobushushu okanye ukungangqinelani kwamandla ombane{3}}inkqubo inokwahlula iimodyuli ezichaphazelekayo ngaphakathi kweemilliseconds ukunqanda ukungaphumeleli kwe-cascading.
Iinkqubo zokuguqula amandla zijongana notshintsho phakathi kombane we-DC kunye ne-AC. Imithombo evuselelekayo efana neepaneli zelanga zivelisa amandla e-DC, ngelixa igridi isebenza kwi-AC. Abaguquli kwezi nkqubo baguqula i-DC ukuya kwi-AC xa ikhutshelwa kwigridi, kwaye izilungisi ziguqula i-AC ukuya kwi-DC xa itshaja ukusuka kumandla egridi okanye iiinjini zomoya. Ii-inverters zanamhlanje zisebenza kumanqanaba asebenzayo adlula i-98%, ukunciphisa ilahleko yamandla ngexesha lokuguqulwa.
Inkqubo yokulawula i-thermal igcina amaqondo okushisa asebenzayo phakathi kwe-15 kunye ne-35 degree. Ukusebenza kwebhetri kuyehla ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kolu luhlu, kwaye amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo anyusa ukuguga. Inkqubo isebenzisa ukupholisa ulwelo, ukupholisa umoya, okanye isigaba{4}}sokutshintsha imathiriyeli ukulawula ubushushu, kudla malunga ne-2-5% yetotali yamandla aphumayo.
Isoftware yolawulo lwamandla ilungelelanisa onke amacandelo kwaye yenze{0}}izigqibo zexesha lokwenyani malunga nokuhanjiswa kwamandla. Isebenzisa i-algorithms kunye nedatha yemarike, imisela ukuba ihlawuliswe nini (ngokoqobo ngexesha eliphantsi{2}}imfuno, ixesha eliphantsi{3}}lamaxabiso kunye nokuveliswa okunokuvuselelwa okugqithileyo) kunye nexesha lokukhupha (ngexesha lemfuno ephezulu kunye namaxabiso aphezulu). Iinkqubo eziphucukileyo zisebenzisa umatshini wokufunda ukuqikelela iipateni zemfuno kunye noqikelelo lwesizukulwana esihlaziyekayo, ukwandisa ingeniso ngelixa ugcina uzinzo lwegridi.
Indawo evalekileyo{0}}nokuba sisikhongozeli senqanawa, injongo{1}}isakhiwo esakhiweyo, okanye isakhiwo esifakwe ngokutsha{2}}ikhusela izixhobo kwimozulu kwaye ihambelana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lomlilo. Ezi ndawo zivaliweyo zithelekelwe ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ukufuma, kunye nomsebenzi wenyikima ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ezikuyo.
Indlela Amandla Ahamba Ngayo KwiNkqubo
Inkqubo yokutshaja iqala xa ukuveliswa okuvuselelekayo kudlula imfuno ekhawulezileyo okanye xa amaxabiso ombane wegridi ehla ngaphantsi kwexabiso lomqobo. Iiphaneli zesola zivelisa amandla aphezulu ngexesha leeyure zasemini xa imfuno yombane inokuba phakathi, idala amandla angaphezulu. Iziguquli zesixokelelwano ziguqula la mandla elanga e-DC ngokuthe ngqo ukuya kwi-DC yokutshaja ibhetri kwindawo - yofakelo olukuyo, ukunqanda inyathelo elinye lokuguqula kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ukuya kuma-96-98%.
Ngexesha lokutshaja, ii-ion ze-lithium zihamba ukusuka kwi-cathode nge-electrolyte ukuya kwi-anode, zigcina amandla njengamandla ekhemikhali. Inkqubo yebhetri ye-60 MW esebenza iiyure ezi-4 (240 MWh) etshaja ngamandla apheleleyo ingagcina umbane owaneleyo ukuze unike amandla amakhaya amalunga nama-24,000 ngeeyure ezine, nangona umsebenzi wokwenene uhluka ngokweemfuno zegridi.
Inkqubo yokukhupha ibuyisela umva oku kuhamba. Xa imfuno iphezulu-ngeeyure zangokuhlwa xa ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kusihla kodwa amakhaya asonyusa ukusetyenziswa kombane{2}}ibhetri ikhupha amandla agciniweyo. Iiyoni zeLithium zibuyela umva ukusuka kwi-anode ukuya kwi-cathode, ivelisa umbane okhoyo oguqulelwa kwii-inverters kwi-AC amandla ahambelana negridi. Ixesha lokuphendula ukusuka kwi-standby ukuya ekukhutshweni kwamandla apheleleyo kuthatha i-4 ukuya kwi-milliseconds ye-20, xa kuthelekiswa nemizuzu ye-10-20 yezityalo ze-peaker zegesi yendalo.
Ubunzulu bokukhutshwa buchaphazela kakhulu ubomi bebhetri. Ukusebenzisa ibhetri phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-80% umthamo kunokuba i-0% ukuya kwi-100% inokuphinda kabini ubomi bayo bomjikelezo ukusuka malunga ne-4,000 ukuya kwi-8,000 imijikelezo. Oku kudala urhwebo loqoqosho{10}} olucinyiweyo: ukukhwela ibhayisekile nzulu kugcina ibhetri ixesha elide kodwa kunciphisa ingeniso evela kumandla arbitrage.
Ukujikeleza-ubuchule bohambo{1}}umyinge wamandla abuyiselwe kumandla agciniweyo{2}}umyinge wama-85{4}}95% kwiinkqubo zelithium- zangoku. Inkqubo yokugcina i-100 MWh inokubuyisela i-90 MWh kwigridi, kunye ne-10 MWh umahluko olahlekileyo ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle koguqulo, ukuzikhupha, kunye neemfuno zokupholisa. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuyahluka ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso entlawulo / yokukhupha, kunye neereyithi ezicothayo ngokubanzi zifezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.
Isakhelo seXabiso esiThathu-
Ugcino lwebhetri lubonelela ngexabiso kuwo onke amanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo okusebenza, ngalinye libonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zegridi kwaye livelisa imithombo eyahlukeneyo yengeniso.
Iinkonzo zokuphendula ngokukhawulezasebenza ngamaxesha e-milliseconds ukuya kwimizuzu. Ulawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi lugcina uzinzo lwegridi ngokutofa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukufunxa amandla okugcina i-AC frequency kwi-60 Hz (50 Hz kwamanye amazwe). Xa ijenereyitha enkulu ihamba ngaphandle kweintanethi, i-frequency yegridi iyehla; iibhetri zinokuphendula ngaphantsi kwe-200 milliseconds ukubamba ukwehla kwamaza. Le nkonzo ilawule amaxabiso eprimiyamu ngokwembali-iibhetri zathatha i-55% ye-Australia's frequency control market phakathi kweenyanga zokumiselwa kweHornsdale Power Reserve's 2017{9}}nangona amaxabiso ehlile njengoko ugcino oluninzi lungenile kwimarike.
Iinkonzo zesakhono kunye nokuthembekaisebenza ngeyure ukuya kwimijikelo yemihla ngemihla. I-Arbitrage yamandla isebenzisa ukwahluka kwamaxabiso phakathi kwamaxesha aphantsi kunye naphezulu{1}emfuno. ECarlifonia, amaxabiso ombane wehoseyile ahlala eguquka ukusuka kumbi ngexesha lenjikalanga enelanga lasentwasahlobo (xa imveliso yelanga ikhukula kwimarike) ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-100 yeedola/MWh ngexesha lencopho yangokuhlwa. Ibhetri egcina amandla elanga anexabiso eliphantsi kwaye iwuthengise ngentsimbi yesi-7 PM inokuvelisa imida eninzi. Ukwanela kobutyebi{7}}ukukwazi kwegridi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ephezulu{8}}kumela omnye umthombo wengeniso. Abaqhubi begridi bahlawula iintlawulo zesakhono kwizibonelelo eziqinisekisa ukufumaneka ngeeyure zemfuno eziphezulu ze-100-200 ngonyaka.
Iinkonzo zokuphucula iziseko zophuhlisonika ixabiso kwixesha lonyaka ukuya kwimininzi{0}}yamaxesha amisiweyo onyaka. Uphuculo lohlengahlengiso lokulibaziseka utyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo ngokuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo ngamandla agciniweyo kunokwakha iintambo zombane ezintsha. Kwiindawo apho ukuphuculwa kwegridi kuya kuxabisa i-$50{8}}i-100 lezigidi zeedola, ukufakela i-20-30 yezigidi zeerandi kwindawo yokugcina ibhetri kuba nomtsalane kwezoqoqosho. Inkxaso yodibaniso ehlaziyekayo inciphisa ukucutheka kokuveliswa komoya kunye nelanga ebenokuthi ngenye indlela ibe ngaphaya komthamo wegridi. I-Texas icuthe ngaphezulu kwe-5% yokuveliswa komoya kwiminyaka yakutshanje; Ugcino olubekwe ngobuchule lunokubamba la mandla achithwayo ngenye indlela.
Esi sakhiwo sinemigangatho sichaza ukuba kutheni iiprojekthi zebhetri zingaxhomekekanga kumjelo omnye wengeniso. Iiprojekthi eziphumeleleyo zifumba izindululo zexabiso ezininzi{1}}ukuthengisa i-arbitrage yamandla, ukulawulwa ngamaza, kunye neenkonzo zezakhono ngaxeshanye{2}}ukuzuza imbuyekezo eyamkelekileyo kutyalo-mali.
I-Standalone vs. Co{1}}Ulungelelwaniso lweNdawo
Ulungelelwaniso lomzimba lweebhetri olunxulumene nokuveliswa ngokutsha ludala iimodeli ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zokusebenza ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho.
Iinkqubo zebhetri ezizimeleyo zidibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi kwi-transmission okanye izitishi zokusasaza, ezizimeleyo kuwo nawuphi na umthombo wesizukulwana. Bahlawulisa ukusuka kumxube wegridi-onokuthi ubandakanye amafutha efosili, inyukliya, kunye nezinto ezivuselelekayo{2}}kwaye zikhuphe umva ukuze zinike indibaniselwano yeemfuno zegridi. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okukhulu ngenxa yokuba azibotshelelwanga kwimveliso yethutyana yesityalo esithile esinokuhlaziywa. I-Texas ikhokelela e-US ukuthunyelwa kweenkqubo ezizimeleyo ezine-GW ezingaphezulu kwe-5 ezifakiweyo, zisetyenziselwa ukulawulwa rhoqo kunye nomthamo ophezulu.
Ukungalungi kweenkqubo ezizimeleyo kukuba zifuna i-AC-DC{1}}ulandelelwano lwe-AC loguqulelo. Amandla eGrid AC aguqulela kwi-DC yokutshaja ibhetri, emva koko aguqulelwe kwi-AC ukuze akhutshwe. Inyathelo ngalinye lenguquko liphulukana nokulunga kwe-2-3%, okukhokelela -kuhambo olujikelezayo oluyi-85-90%. Ukongeza, iisistim ezizimeleyo azifaneleki ukufumana inkuthazo yamandla ahlaziyekayo njengeeprojekthi ezibekwe kunye.
Co-iisixokelelwano ezibekwe kwindawo zifakela iibhetri ezimelene ngqo nokuveliswa okuvuselelekayo{1}}ezona zixhaphake kwiifama zelanga. Olu lungelelwaniso luza ngeendlela ezimbini. I-DC{4}}iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ziqhagamshela iibhetri ngokuthe ngqo kwiipaneli zelanga phambi koguqulo, ezivumela amandla elanga e-DC ukutshaja iibhetri ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwe-AC. Le ndlela yokuguqula enye-iphumeza ama-96-98%{10}}uhambo olujikelezayo olusebenzayo. Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ze-AC zidibanisa iibhetri emva kwe-inverter yelanga ngokusebenzisa i-electronics yamandla ahlukeneyo, okwenza kube lula ukubuyisela kwizityalo ezikhoyo zelanga kodwa zifuna inyathelo elongezelelweyo lokuguqulwa.
Co-iisistim ezibekiweyo zikhulisa ukuveliswa kwakhona ngeendlela ezininzi. Bagudisa ukuguquguquka kwemveliso okubangelwa ngamafu adlulayo, ukuzinzisa unikezelo lwamandla egridi. Batshintsha isizukulwana esivuselelekayo ukuya{3}}kwiyure zexabiso eliphezulu, besombulula ingxaki ye "dada curve" apho imveliso yelanga ifikelela incopho emini emaqanda kodwa ibango kakhulu ngokuhlwa. Bafaka ukuveliswa okunokuhlaziywa ebenokuthi ngenye indlela kuncitshiswe ngexesha lokugqithiswa kweegridi. Iprojekthi yoGcino lwe-Gemini Solar Plus engama-690 MW eNevada idityaniswe ne-380 MW/1,416 MWh yomthamo webhetri, evumela ukuba inike umthamo oqinileyo kwigridi nasemva kokutshona kwelanga.
Olona thintelo luphambili lwenkqubo-ekuyo lucuthelwe ukuguquguquka kwimithombo yokutshaja kunye nexesha. Ilanga{2}}kunye{3}}nenkqubo yogcino kwimozulu esemantla inokuhlala ingasebenzi ngexesha langokuhlwa kwasebusika xa imveliso yelanga incinci, ayikwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezinokuziswa yibhetri elizimeleyo ngokutshaja kwigridi.
Okwenyani-iDatha yokuSebenza kweHlabathi
I-Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility yase-California ibonelela nge-concrete performance metrics ekhanyisa indlela -esebenza ngayo ugcino olusebenza ngokusebenza. Ngomthamo wamandla angama-750 MW kunye nogcino lwamandla angama-3,000 MWh, eli ziko limele ukufakwa kweebhetri ezinkulu kwihlabathi ukusukela ngo-2025.
Eli ncedo linezixokelelwano ezimbini ezimeleneyo{0}}inkqubo yeVistra’s 750 MW esebenzisa iiracks zebhetri ze-LG Energy Solution TR1300 kwiholo eguquliweyo ye-turbine yegesi yendalo, kunye nofakelo lwe-PG&E ye-182.5 MW Tesla Megapack. Zombini iinkqubo zithatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zombane ezithengiswayo zaseCalifornia, ngokuyintloko zibonelela nge-arbitrage yamandla kunye neenkonzo ezincedisayo.
Ngexesha lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wasehlotyeni, iibhetri ziyatshaja ngexesha lasemva kwemini xa amaxabiso ehoseyile ehla aye kutsho kwi-$20-40/MWh okanye ngamanye amaxesha angahambi kakuhle. Ukukhutshwa ngokuhlwa kuqala malunga ne-4-5 PM njengoko imveliso yelanga isihla kodwa imfuno iyaqhubeka nokunyuka, kunye namaxabiso athengisayo afikelela kwiidola ezingama-80-150/MWh ngexesha lobushushu. Lo mjikelo we-arbitrage uvelisa ingeniso yeedola ezingama-20,000-100,000 kwi-MW nganye ngonyaka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemarike, nangona ukuguquguquka kwexabiso kwenza uqikelelo lungaqinisekanga.
Isantya sokuphendula kwesi ziko singqineke sibalulekile ngexesha lobushushu likaSeptemba 2022 xa iCalifornia ithintele kancinci ukucima ubumnyama. Iisistim zogcino lwebhetri kwilizwe lonke, kuqukwa ukuHlala kweMoss, zihlaliswe ukusuka kufutshane-zero ukuya kukhupha ngokupheleleyo ngaphantsi kwemizuzu eli-10, ibonelela nge-3.3 GW yomthamo ukuhlangabezana nencopho ye-5 PM. Olu phawu lwempendulo ekhawulezileyo{7}}ayinakwenzeka kwijenereyitha ezishushu ezifuna iiyure ukuze ziqale{8}}zithintele ukuwa kwegridi.
Imingeni yokusebenza ivele kwangoko. NgoSeptemba ka-2021, isiganeko esishushu esinyanzelise ukungabikho kweintanethi kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-300 MW yeSigaba soku-1 ukuze iphandwe. NgoJanuwari 2025, umlilo kwindawo eyandisiweyo wonakalisa umthamo omkhulu kwaye waphakamisa iinkxalabo zokhuseleko, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni kweemfuno zokunciphisa umlilo kwiinqwelo zebhetri zaseCalifornia. Ezi zehlo zibiza i-Vistra yezigidi ezingama-400 zeedola kunye nezicwangciso zokwandisa zilibazisekile, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba usetyenziso{8}}logcino lwesikali lujongene nemingcipheko yokwenyani yobugcisa kunye neyemali nangona iluncedo.
I-Hornsdale Power Reserve eSouth Australia ibonelela ngophononongo oluchaseneyo olugxile kwiinkonzo zozinzo lwegridi kune-arbitrage yamandla. Inkqubo ye-150 MW/193.5 MWh ibonelela ngolawulo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha kunye neenkonzo ezincedisayo kwimarike ebilawulwa ngokwembali zijenereyitha ezihambelanayo. Kunyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, ibhetri ibambe ama-55% emarike yeenkonzo ezincedisayo zolawulo lokuphindaphinda ngokucutha iijenereyitha ezikwixabiso kunye nesantya.
Idatha yezoqoqosho evela eHornsdale ibonisa ingeniso yolawulo rhoqo malunga ne-AUD ye-15-25 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka, kunye nengeniso eyongezelelweyo evela kwi-arbitrage yamandla ye-AUD ye-5-10 yezigidi. Inkqubo ixabisa i-AUD yeedola ezingama-90 ezigidi ukwakha (malunga ne-USD $ 65 yezigidi), iphakamisa ixesha lokuhlawula le-4-6 iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iindleko zenkunzi zibuyiselwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhla kwamaxabiso okulawula amaza njengoko iibhetri ezininzi zingena kwimarike zisongela ingeniso yexesha elizayo, igxininisa umngeni wokugcina imbuyekezo yezoqoqosho njengoko izikali zokugcina zinyuka.
UQoqosho: Kutheni iindleko ziqhubeka ziwa
Uqoqosho lokugcinwa kwebhetri lutshintshe kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, luqhutywa sisikali sokuvelisa kwishishini lezithuthi zombane kunye nokuthengiswa kwezinto eziphambili.
I-Lithium -ixabiso lebhetri ye-ion lehle nge-82% phakathi kwe-2013 kunye ne-2023, ukusuka kwi-$ 780 / kWh ukuya kwi-$ 139 / kWh ngokwedatha evela kwi-American Clean Power Association. Ngo-2024, amaxabiso ehle enye i-20% ngenxa yokugqithiswa kwemveliso yaseTshayina kunye nokhuphiswano olukhulu. Iiprojekthi ze-BloombergNEF iindleko zesikhongozeli sebhetri zinokuhla ngaphantsi kwe-$ 100/kWh ngo-2030, abanye abahlalutyi bacebisa ukuba i-$ 75/kWh inokufezekiswa ekuqaleni kwe-2030s.
Oku kuncitshiswa kweendleko ngokusisiseko kutshintsha uqoqosho lwamandla ahlaziyekayo. Nge-$780/kWh, inkqubo yebhetri ye-100 MW/400 MWh ixabisa i-$312 yezigidi, ifuna i-15-iminyaka engama-20 yengeniso yokubuyisela iindleko zenkunzi-ixesha elide kakhulu xa kujongwa ukuthotywa kwebhetri. Kwi-$ 139 / kWh, inkqubo efanayo ixabisa i-56 yezigidi zeedola, ifikeleleke kwiminyaka eyi-6-10. Ngeedola eziqikelelweyo ezingama-75/kWh, ixabiso lehla ukuya kwi-30 yezigidi zeerandi, okwenza ugcino lukhuphisane ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nezityalo zerhasi yendalo eziphakamileyo nangaphambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe iindleko zokukhutshwa.
Iindleko zokufakela ngaphaya kweeseli zebhetri ngokwazo zongeza malunga ne-30-50% kwiindleko zeprojekthi iyonke. Uncedo{6}}iprojekthi yesikali kwi-$150/kWh yeeseli inokufikelela kwi-$200-225/kWh iyonke yeendleko ezifakiweyo emva kokuquka ii-inverters, iinkqubo zokupholisa, ukulungiswa kwendawo, uqhagamshelo lwegridi, nobunjineli. Ezi ndleko ze-balance-of-system zehla kancinci kuneendleko zeseli, zenza umgangatho ongezantsi apho iindleko zizonke zingenako ukuwa lula.
Iindleko zokusebenza zokugcina ibhetri ziqhuba i-$5-15/kW-ngonyaka ukulungisa, i-inshorensi, kunye nomrhumo woqhagamshelo lwegridi, kunye neendleko zokubuyisela izinto ezisilelayo ngaphambi kokuphela-ko{7}}kobomi. Iziguquli zidla ngokufuna ukutshintshwa emva kweminyaka eli-10{8}}i-12 leminyaka, iintlawulo zokwandisa indawo yomthamo olahlekileyo ukuthotywa, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lobushushu zifuna isevisi ngamaxesha athile. Kubandakanya ezi ndleko, ixabiso elilinganisiweyo lokugcinwa-elifana nexabiso elilinganayo lamandla kwi-general ranges ukusuka kwi-$ 120-200 / MWh yezicelo ze-arbitrage zamandla ngokuxhomekeke kubuninzi bomjikelezo kunye nobunzulu.
Ingeniso enokwenzeka iyahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo kunye nesicelo. Iimarike ezinamaxabiso aphezulu okuguquguquka phakathi kwepeak kunye nokucima{1}}kwamaxesha aphakamileyo{2}}eCalifornia, eTexas, amanye amazwe akumntla-mpuma we-US{5}}zibonelela ngamathuba angcono arbitrage. Iimarike ezinokungena okuphezulu okunokuhlaziywa zijongene neengxaki zokucutha ugcino olunokuthi lulungise ngenzuzo. Iimarike ezinesiseko segrid egugayo zixabisa ukukwazi ukuhlehlisa ukuphuculwa kothumelo. Ufakelo lwebhetri emaphandleni eTexas olufumana i-$25,000/MW ngonyaka lujongana noqoqosho olwahluke kakhulu kunomnye oxineneyo waseCalifornia ofumana i-$75,000/MW ngonyaka.
Ukwehla kweendleko zomkhondo kudala umdla oguqukayo: ukulinda ukubeka ugcino kuthetha amaxabiso aphantsi kodwa kulibazisa ukuqokelelwa kwengeniso kwaye kuvumele abo bakhuphisana nabo ukuba babambe awona mathuba aphezulu -exabiso. Iiprojekthi zakwangoko kwi-2015-2018 zahlawula amaxabiso aphezulu kodwa zafumana izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo. Iiprojekthi ezithunyelwayo ngoku zihlawula iindleko eziphantsi kodwa zijongene nokhuphiswano olungakumbi kunye namaxabiso aphantsi emarike ngeenkonzo zabo.
Ubude bexesha: Unyino{0}}zeyure ezine
Iinkqubo zangoku zokugcina ibhetri zisebenzisa ubukhulu becala iiyure ezi-2-4 zokukhupha, umda obekwe yikhemistri, uqoqosho, kunye neemfuno zegridi.
Umgangatho weyure ezi-4{1}uvele kuhlalutyo lweegophe zomthwalo we-diurnal-ipateni yemihla ngemihla yemfuno yombane. Uninzi lweegridi zifumana imfuno ephezulu yeeyure ezi-3-6 ngexesha lasemva kwemini kunye norhatya lwangokuhlwa, ziyancipha ukuthoba imfuno yobusuku. Ibhetri yeeyure ezi-4 inokugcina imveliso yelanga yasemini kwaye ikhuphe kwincopho yangokuhlwa, ijongana nokungafani kwemihla ngemihla phakathi kokufumaneka kwelanga kunye neepateni zemfuno.
Eli xesha livakala ngokwezoqoqosho kuba izikali zeendleko ngokwahlukileyo kumandla (MW) ngokuchasene namandla (MWh). Amandla-ayelelene iindleko-iziguquli, uqhagamshelo lwegridi, ukulungiswa kwendawo{3}}zilawula{4}}iinkqubo ezimfutshane{4}}zexesha. Amandla{6}}ayelelene neendleko{7}}iiseli zebhetri{8}}zilawula ixesha elide. Indawo eswiti yezoqoqosho ye-lithium{10}}iyon okwangoku ihleli kwiiyure ezi-4-6 apho zombini iinxalenye zeendleko zibhalansi.
Ngaphaya kweeyure ezi-4, obunye ubuchwephesha buba nokhuphiswano ngakumbi. Ugcino lombane olumponthiweyo, olunamandla e-1,000{7}}3,000 MW kunye nexesha le-6{8}}iyure eziyi-12, lixabisa i-$50-100/kWh yecandelo logcino-ngaphantsi kakhulu kuneebhetri-nangona ifuna iimeko ezithile zejografi (iintaba, amanzi). Ukugcinwa kwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo kunye neebhetri zokuhamba zijolise kwiiyure ze-8-12. Ukugcinwa kwexesha lonyaka (iintsuku ukuya kwiinyanga), ukuveliswa kwe-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis kuvela njengesisombululo esinokwenzeka, nangona iindleko zangoku zihlala ziphezulu.
Umda ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba abanye abahlalutyi bafikelela ekungeneni okuphezulu kakhulu okuvuselelekayo (80-}90% yamandla egridi) kufuna ugcino lweentsuku ezininzi{3}}ukuvala amaxesha okwenziwa ngokutsha okuphantsi. Iveki-isiphango sasebusika esinelanga encinci kunye nomoya oncitshisiweyo unokubakho kanye okanye kabini ngonyaka, kodwa ukucwangcisa oku kufuna ukwakhiwa okungaphezulu komthamo ohlaziyekayo, ukugcinwa kwamafutha efosili, okanye ukugcinwa kwexesha elide. Uqoqosho lwangoku lwebhetri luyasokola kunye nezicelo ezifuna ukukhutshwa kuphela amaxesha angama-10-50 ngonyaka, njengoko iindleko ezinkulu zingenako ukufunyanwa ngokuhamba ngebhayisekile okunyiniweyo.
Uphando lwexesha elide-lweekhemistri zebhetri luyaqhubeka. Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo zahlula ugcino lwamandla (ubungakanani betanki) kumthamo wamandla (ubungakanani besitaki), ngokwethiyori zenza ukuba 100+ ubude beyure ngokwandisa amatanki ngokulula. I-ayini -ibhetri zomoya zithembisa i-100-yeyure yokukhupha ngexabiso eliphantsi kune-lithium{7}}iion, nangona zihlala ziphambi{9}}zentengiso. Ugcino lwamandla obushushu{10}}izinto zokufudumeza ezifana nesanti okanye ityuwa enyibilikisiweyo{11}}inika enye indlela yexesha elide, ngakumbi kwizicelo zemizi-mveliso.
Ukudityaniswa kwegridi: Imingeni yobuGcisa kunye nezisombululo
Ukuqhagamshela iisistim zebhetri ezinkulu kwigridi yombane kwazisa imiceli mngeni yobugcisa ngaphaya kokuqhagamshela nje iintambo. Abaqhubi begridi kufuneka balawule ujingi lwamandla olukhawulezayo iibhetri ezinokudala, ziqinisekise ukhuseleko ngexesha leempazamo, kwaye zilungelelanise nemithombo yokuvelisa ekhoyo.
Ugcino lwebhetri luguqula iiparadigm zegridi eziqhelekileyo. Iijenereyitha eziqhelekileyo zine-inetia yendalo{1}}amandla e-kinetic kwiiinjini zokujikeleza zimelana nokutshintsha kwamaza, ukuzinzisa igridi. Iibhetri zine-inetia yendalo enguziro; isiguquli sabo{3} esisekwe kuqhagamshelo kwigridi inokuphelisa uzinzo ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle. Abasebenzisi begridi abaqhele ukucwangcisa iiyure zokuvelisa kwangaphambili kufuneka baziqhelanise nezixhobo ezinokuvela okanye zinyamalale kwimizuzwana.
Igridi{0}}ezenza iziguquli zimele isisombululo esinye. Igridi yesiNtu{2}}ii-inverters ezilandelayo zilungelelaniswa negridi esele ikhona, ifuna ezinye iijenereyitha ukuba ziseke amandla ombane kunye namaza. Igridi-ezenza ii-inverters zinokuseka ngokuzimeleyo kwaye zigcine iiparamitha zegridi, zivumela iibhetri ukuba zisebenze kwimo yesiqithi okanye iimeko zegridi ezibuthathaka. I-Australia's 2 GW/4.2 GWh yokugcina deployment evunyiweyo ngo-2022 ifuna ngokukodwa igridi{9}}ekukwazi ukwenza indawo yozinzo lweenkonzo ebezibonelelwa ngaphambili zizityalo zamalahle.
Iimfuno zoqhagamshelo ziyohluka kakhulu ngokolawulo kodwa ziquka ubunjani bomgangatho wamandla, ukukhwela impazamo-ngesakhono, kunye nenkxaso yombane osebenzayo. Umgangatho wamandla uqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwebhetri kugcina amandla ombane kunye namaza ombane azinzileyo ngaphandle kwee-harmonics ezinokonakalisa izixhobo ezibuthathaka. Ukukhwela impazamo-kukufuna iibhetri ukuba zihlale ziqhagamshelwe ngexesha elifutshane-imisitho yesekethe, ibonelela uzinzo kunokukhubeka ngaphandle kweintanethi. Inkxaso yamandla asebenzayo inceda ukugcina amandla ombane kuzo zonke iintambo zothumelo, kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko iijenereyitha ezihambelanayo zithatha umhlala phantsi.
Umgca woqhagamshelo udala imiqobo engalindelekanga yokusasazwa. Ngo-2024, iprojekthi engumndilili yalinda iinyanga ezingama-50 ukusuka kwisicelo ukuya kwisivumelwano soqhagamshelo, yaza yafuna iminyaka eyongezelelweyo 3+ yokwakhiwa. Lo mgca wexesha we-6-8 weminyaka ukusuka kwisicwangciso sokuqala ukuya ekusebenzeni uthetha iiprojekthi ezigunyaziswe ngo-2025 zibonisa iimeko zemarike kunye nobuchwepheshe ukususela ngo-2017-2019. Uphazamiseko lwesixokelelwano sonikezelo ngexesha lefestile ludale imiceli-mngeni yokubhanga-iiprojekthi ezivunywe phantsi koqikelelo lweendleko ezahlukeneyo zisenokungaphumeleli imbuyekezo elindelekileyo.
Imiqobo yomthamo wothumelo iyanciphisa apho ugcino lunokusasazwa ngokusebenzayo. Ibhetri engama-500 MW kwingingqi enama-300 MW kuphela womthamo wothumelo okhoyo awunakukhupha imveliso yayo epheleleyo xa ifuneka, ithoba ixabiso layo. Ngokuchasene noko, ugcino olubekwe kwiindawo ezixineneyo lunokubonelela ngexabiso elingaphaya ngokuthomalalisa ingxinano ngaphandle kokufuna uphuculo olubizileyo lothumelo.
Imingeni yokuqikelela kunye nokucwangcisa ikhula ngokungena kokugcina. Abaqhubi begridi ibhalansi yobonelelo kunye nemfuno ngosuku-ngaphambili kunye{2}}lokwenyani{2}}kwiimarike zexesha, ezifuna uqikelelo lwesizukulwana 24-36 iiyure kwangaphambili. Iibhetri zongeza into elawulekayo enokwenza lula olu lungelelwaniso, kodwa kuphela ukuba abaqhubi banokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo umthamo okhoyo, iziphumo zokuthotywa, kunye nexabiso lexabiso lokutshaja ngokuchasene nokukhupha.
Umbuzo woKhuseleko: uMngcipheko woMlilo kunye nokuNcitshiswa
Imililo yebhetri yeLithium-yokuhlala iyinkxalabo ebalulekileyo yokubekwa kwindawo yokugcina, kunye{1}}neziganeko zeprofayile eziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokusebenza kobuchwepheshe.
I-Thermal runaway-i-self{1}}eyomeleza ukusabela kwekhemikhali apho imveliso yobushushu idlula ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu{2}}imele indlela yokuqala yokusilela. Ukuba iseli ifikelela kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-150-200 ukusuka kwiisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi, iziphene zokuvelisa, okanye umonakalo wangaphandle, ukusabela kwe-exothermic kukhawuleza. Ubushushu obuvela kwiseli enye engaphumeleliyo bunokusasaza kwiiseli ezimeleneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaphumeleni kwe-cascade ekhupha iigesi ezinokutsha kwaye, kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, kubangele ukudubula.
Idatha yezehlo ukusuka ku-2018 -}2023 ibonisa izinga lokungaphumeleli malunga ne-0.05 -} 0.15% phakathi kofakelo lwegridi-ithetha iziganeko ezi-1-3 kwiinkqubo zokusebenza ze-1,000. UMzantsi Korea ufumene iqela leentsilelo ngo-2017-2019, ngelixa umlilo weMoss Landing ngoJanuwari 2025 wonakalise amakhulu eemegawathi zomthamo. Ezi ziganeko zabelana ngezinto eziqhelekileyo: ukungoneli kwenkqubo yokupholisa, isithuba esinganelanga phakathi kweemodyuli zebhetri, kunye nokulibaziseka komlilo.
Ikhemistri ye-LFP ibonelela ngokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal xa kuthelekiswa ne-NMC. Iibhetri ze-LFP zibaleka kwi-thermal kwi-270℃xa kuthelekiswa ne-210℃ye-NMC, ibonelela ngomda wokhuseleko omkhulu. I-oksijini kwi-crystal structure ye-LFP ibophelela kakhulu kune-NMC, inciphisa umngcipheko wokukhutshwa kwe-oksijini etshisa imililo. Olu ncedo lokhuseleko luqhubele kwi-LFP yogcino olumileyo, kunye ne-LFP ifikelele kwi-85% yesabelo semarike kusetyenziso olutsha{6}}kwiiprojekthi zesikali ngo-2024.
Ukucima umlilo kufakelo lwebhetri lujongene nemingeni ekhethekileyo. Amanzi anokusabela ngobundlobongela nge-lithium, nangona uyilo lwangoku lubandakanya imilomo ekhethekileyo efaka amanzi njengenkungu epholileyo ngaphandle kokudala iingozi zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zerhasi engasebenziyo ezisusa ioksijini zisebenza kakuhle kwizivalo ezincinci kodwa ziyasokola kufakelo olukhulu. Ezinye iisistim zisebenzisa iaerosol{{3}esekelwe kwizicinezeli eziyilelwe ngokukodwa imililo ye-lithium-, nangona ezi zongeza iindleko ezibalulekileyo.
Iimfuno zekhowudi yokwakha ziye zavela ngokukhawuleza. Uhlaziyo lwaseCalifornia luka-2025 lugunyazisa ubuncinci besithuba phakathi kweerekhi zebhetri, umoya ozinikeleyo ukuthintela ukuqokeleleka kwerhasi, kunye nezithintelo zobushushu phakathi kweemodyuli. Ufakelo olutsha kufuneka lubonise ukubonwa komlilo kunye namaxesha okuphendula ngoxinzelelo phantsi kwemizuzwana engama-30. Ezi mfuno zongeza i-10-15% kwiindleko zokufakela kodwa zinciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko.
Impendulo yoshishino lwe-inshorensi ibonelela ngovavanyo lomngcipheko olusekwe kwimarike{{0}. Iintlawulo zanyanga leeprojekthi zogcino lwebhetri ekuqaleni zifike kwi-2-3% yexabiso leprojekthi ngonyaka{7}}ixabiso elibi kakhulu kubaphuhlisi abaninzi. Njengoko iinkqubo zokhuseleko ziphuculwe kunye namazinga eziganeko ezinzile, iiprimiyamu zehla ukuya kwi-0.5-1% yexabiso leprojekthi, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaziko oshishino. Nangona kunjalo, iinkampani zeinshorensi ngoku zifuna uphononongo oluneenkcukacha zobunjineli, uhlolo oluqhelekileyo lokujonga i-thermal, kunye neerekhodi eziqinisekisiweyo ezivela kubavelisi beebhetri-izithintelo ezithanda abadlali abasekiweyo ngaphezulu kwabangeneli abatsha.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa iibhetri Ubudala
Ukonakaliswa kwebhetri kuqinisekisa ubomi bezoqoqosho beenkqubo zokugcina, kunye neendlela ezininzi ezinegalelo kumthamo kunye nokuphela kwamandla ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuguga kwekhalenda kwenzeka rhoqo, nangaphandle kokukhwela ibhayisekile. Iiyoni zelithiyamu ngokuthe ngcembe zibanjiswa kwindawo eqinileyo-ye-electrolyte umaleko wojongano olwenzeka kumphezulu we-electrode. Le lahleko ye-lithium engenakuguqulelwa inciphisa umthamo okhoyo malunga ne-2-3% ngonyaka kwiinkqubo ezisemgangathweni, okuthetha ukuba ibhetri elinganiswe kwi-100 MWh xa entsha inokuzisa kuphela i-80 MWh emva kweminyaka eyi-10 nokuba ayizange isetyenziswe. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu akhawulezisa ukuguga kwekhalenda kakhulu-ibhetri egcinwe kuma-degree angama-40 ngokuphindwe kabini ngokukhawuleza njengenye kwi-25 degree.
Ukuguga komjikelo ukusuka kwintlawulo{0}}ukukhupha umsebenzi udibanisa iziphumo zekhalenda. Umjikelo ngamnye ubangela uxinzelelo kumatshini njengoko izinto ze-electrode zanda kwaye zikhontraktha, kunye nokuthotywa kweekhemikhali ze-electrolyte kunye ne-separator. Amazinga aphezulu angoku akhawulezisa ukuguga ngokuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye noxinzelelo. Imijikelo enzulu yokukhukula (100% ukuya kwi-0%) ibangela ukuthotywa okumalunga ne-3x ngaphezulu kunemijikelo engekho nzulu (80% ukuya kwi-20%), idala urhwebo loqoqosho{9}olukhankanywe ngaphambili.
Ukuncipha kwamandla kunye nokuncipha kwamandla kuchaphazela uqoqosho lwenkqubo ngokwahlukileyo. Ukucimba komthamo kunciphisa amandla ewonke anokugcinwa-i-100 MWh ibhetri inokuphela ukuya kuma-80 MWh emva kwe-4,000 yemijikelo kuma-80% ubunzulu bokukhupha. Ukucima kwamandla kwandisa ukuchasana kwangaphakathi, ukunciphisa intlawulo kunye namazinga okukhutshwa. Inkqubo ekwaziyo ukuqala i-100 MW isenokuthi yehle iye kuma-85 MW njengoko kunyuka ukuxhathisa, kucutha ingeniso evela kwiinkonzo ezifuna impendulo ekhawulezileyo.
Ulwakhiwo lwewaranti luzama ukugqithisela umngcipheko wokuthotywa phakathi kwabaphuhlisi kunye nabavelisi beebhetri. Iiwaranti eziqhelekileyo ziqinisekisa i-70-80% yokugcina umthamo emva kweminyaka eyi-10 okanye imijikelo ye-4,000-7,000, nayiphi na into eza kuqala. Ukuba ibhetri iyancipha ngokukhawuleza, umenzi uhlawula umniniyo. Ukuba ithoba kancinci, umniniyo uyazuza kubomi obude obuluncedo. Iindleko zewaranti zimela i-10-20% yamaxabiso ebhetri, ebonisa ukuzithemba kwabavelisi kwiimveliso zabo.
Ukwandiswa-ukongeza umthamo omtsha webhetri ukubuyisela umthamo othotyiweyo{1}}kwandisa ubomi benkqubo malunga ne-30-50% yeendleko zokuqala nge-kWh nganye njengoko iziseko zophuhliso ezikhoyo zihleli. Iprojekthi inokufaka i-100 MWh ekuqaleni, yongeze i-20 MWh emva kweminyaka esi-8 ukubuyisela umthamo, emva koko yongeze enye i-20 MWh emva kweminyaka eli-16, ukuzuza ubomi beminyaka engama-20 yokusebenza. Ukuba oku kwenza ingqiqo kwezoqoqosho kuxhomekeke kwindlela yeendleko zeebhetri ezintsha xa kuthelekiswa nokusebenza okuthotyiweyo kwempahla ekhoyo.
{0}}Izicelo zobomi besibini kwiibhetri zogcino lwegridi ezidla umhlala-phantsi zihlala ziyingcingane. Ngokungafaniyo neebhetri ze-EV ezithatha umhlala-phantsi kuma-70-80% amandla anesakhono esingaphantsi{7}}esifuna ukusetyenziswa okumileyo, iibhetri zegridi zisebenza de kube ngama-60{8}}70% umthamo, ushiya ixabiso elilinganiselweyo lentsalela. Iindleko zokususa, ukuvavanya, ukuhlela, ukupakisha kwakhona, kunye newaranti esetyenzisiweyo iiseli zihlala zigqitha iindleko zeeseli ezintsha, ngakumbi njengoko amaxabiso eqhubeka nokuhla. Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona ukubuyisela i-lithium, i-cobalt, kunye ne-nickel kuvela njengeyona ndlela inomtsalane yezoqoqosho ekupheleni kwendlela.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukutshaja inkqubo yokugcina ibhetri?
Ixesha lokutshaja lixhomekeke kumlinganiselo wamandla ebhetri ngokunxulumene nomthamo wamandla ayo. Ibhetri engama-60 MWh enama-240 MWh umthamo (inkqubo yeeyure ezi-4) itshaja ngokupheleleyo kwiiyure ezi-4 ngamandla amakhulu, nangona abaqhubi bengafane bahlawulise ngesantya esiphezulu ngokuqhubekayo. Ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kuhlawulisa ngaphezulu kweeyure ze-6-8 ngexesha lamaxabiso ombane aphantsi okanye ukuveliswa okugqithisiweyo okuhlaziyiweyo, okunciphisa uxinzelelo kwibhetri kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kumandla aphezulu kuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kwaye kukhawulezise ukuthotywa, ngoko ke umsebenzi osebenza kakuhle ngokwezoqoqosho ukholisa ukusebenzisa amaxabiso acothayo ngaphandle kokuba iimpawu zexabiso zivumela ngamandla ukutshaja okukhawulezayo.
Ngaba ukugcinwa kwebhetri kungasebenza kwiindawo ezibandayo?
I-Lithium-ibhetri ye-ion ifumana ukusebenza okucuthiweyo ngaphantsi kwe-0℃kwaye inokuba nomonakalo osisigxina ukuba ihlawuliswe ngaphantsi kwe--10℃. Ufakelo lwemozulu ebandayo{10}}lufuna iisistim zokufudumeza ezomeleleyo ukugcina amaqondo obushushu asebenzayo, kudla i-5-10% yombane ogqityiweyo kwiinyanga zasebusika. Olunye ufakelo kwiindawo ezisemantla e-US kunye neebhetri zaseKhanada zokufudumeza kwangaphambili zisebenzisa amandla egridi okanye inkunkuma yobushushu phambi kokutshaja, isongeza ukuntsonkotha kokusebenza kunye neendleko. Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo kunye nezinye iikhemistri ziyayinyamezela ingqele engcono kune-lithium-ion, izenza zibe nomtsalane kwiimeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu zokuqala.
Kwenzeka ntoni kugcino lwebhetri xa igridi yehla?
Izinto ezininzi eziluncedo-izixokelelwano zebhetri zizikhulula ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokucima kwegridi ukukhusela abasebenzi abalungisa igridi{1}}abakwazi ukubona ukuba umgca unombane ngenxa yokuba unamandla okanye ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi belayini bekhona. Injongo -eyiliweyo ye-microgrid okanye isiqithi{4}}indlela yendlela ekwaziyo ukugcina amandla kumaziko athile ngexesha lokungabikho, kodwa oku kufuna igridi eyongezelelweyo{5}}ukwenza isakhono kunye nolawulo oluzimiseleyo lwesiqithi. Iisistim zebhetri yendawo yokuhlala zihlala zibandakanya ukhuseleko olumnyama, ukutshintshela ngaphandle komthungo ukuya kwimowudi yamandla egcinayo, kodwa oku kusebenza akuqukwanga kwindlela eluncedo{7}}yesikali esigxile ekuphuculeni uqoqosho kunokomelela.
Angakanani amandla ahlaziyekayo anokusingatha igridi ngaphandle kokugcinwa?
Uhlalutyo luyahluka ngommandla, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba iigridi zinokudibanisa i-30-40% yamandla avuselelweyo (ngesizukulwana sonyaka) ngaphandle kokugcinwa okubalulekileyo, usebenzisa isizukulwana esiguquguqukayo esikhoyo kunye nokuhanjiswa kokulawula ukuguquguquka. Ngaphandle kwe-50% yokungena ngokutsha, ukugcinwa okanye ezinye izisombululo eziguquguqukayo ziba yimfuneko ngakumbi ukuphepha ukucuthwa kunye nokugcina ukuthembeka. Uhlalutyo lwase-Indiya lubonise ukuba igridi inokwamkela i-22% yokungena okuhlaziyekayo (i-160 GW) ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina eyongezelelweyo, ngelixa ukusasazwa okunamandla okuhlaziyekayo kwaseCalifornia kufuna ukongezwa kogcino okugqithisileyo ukudlula i-60% yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Umda othile uxhomekeke kumxube wemithombo ehlaziyekayo, iipateni zemfuno, ukuveliswa okuguquguqukayo okukhoyo, kunye nomthamo wothumelo.
Indlela eya Phambili
Uphuhliso lokugcinwa kwebhetri lulandela iipatheni eziqikelelwayo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zegridi, iindleko zobuchwepheshe, kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo. I-California kunye ne-Texas zikhokele e-US kubhengezwe ngabaqhubi abohlukileyo{3}I-California ikhuthazwa ngobundlobongela obujoliswe kuko kunye nokurhoxa kwamafutha efosili, eTexas ngokhuphiswano lwentengiso yeemarike kunye neemfuno zohlanganiso oluhlaziyekayo.
Ngo-2030, uqikelelo lucebisa ukuba ugcino lwebhetri yehlabathi luza kufikelela kwi-1 TW/3 TWh, emele phantse kasixhenxe{3}}ukukhula okuphindwe kabini ukusuka kumanqanaba angoku. I-China ibala malunga ne-45% yezongezo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo efuna iiprojekthi ezivuselelekayo ukuba zibandakanye ukugcinwa. I-United States ilindele i-98 GW ngo-2030 ngokusekelwe kwimibhobho yeprojekthi yangoku. IYurophu ekujoliswe kuyo ye-200 GW ngo-2030 ifuna ukukhawuleziswa okubonakalayo ukusuka kumazinga angoku okusasazwa.
Ukwahluka kwetekhnoloji kubonakala ngathi kunokwenzeka njengoko iimfuno zexesha ezahlukeneyo zivela. I-2-i-4 iiyure ze-lithium-iinkqubo ze-ion ezijongana ne-arbitrage yemihla ngemihla kunye neemfuno eziphakamileyo ziya kuhlala kunye ne-6-12 iiyure zeenkqubo zisebenzisa iibhetri zokuhamba okanye umoya oxinzelelweyo wokuqinisa ukuvuselela, kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha elide lonyaka usebenzisa i-hydrogen okanye i-hydro pumped. Umbuzo awungowokuba yeyiphi itekhnoloji ephumelelayo, kodwa kunokuba itekhnoloji eyahlukileyo isebenza njani imisebenzi yegridi ngeendleko ezifanelekileyo.
Umthamo wokuvelisa umele{0}}ixesha elikufutshane lomqobo. Imveliso yeseli yelithium yehlabathi -kuzo zonke iinkqubo (izithuthi, i-electronics, kunye nogcino olumileyo) yafikelela malunga ne-1,400 GWh ngo-2024. Ugcino oluzinzileyo ludle malunga ne-200 GWh yesi sixhobo, kunye nee-EVs ezithatha intsalela. Ukufikelela kwi-1 TW/3 TWh yogcino ngo-2030 kufuna imveliso ephindwe kathathu enikezelwa kwizicelo ezimileyo, eziphunyelelwayo xa kujongwe izicwangciso zangoku zokwandisa kodwa kuxhomekeke kutyalo-mali oluzinzileyo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo engaziwayo ichaphazela uyilo lwemarike kunye neendlela zembuyekezo. Njengoko ukugcinwa kokungena kunyuka, izakhiwo zemarike zangoku zinokuhlawulela ngokungafanelekanga iibhetri zeenkonzo zegridi. Iimarike zolawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi sele zibone amaxabiso esihla njengoko iibhetri ezininzi zikhuphisana ngeenkonzo ezifanayo. Iimarike ezintsha ezixabisa ukuguquguquka, ukukhululeka kwengxinano, kunye nokomelela zifuna uphuhliso. Ngaphandle kwemithombo yengeniso ecacileyo, ezinzileyo, ukuxhasa ngezimali ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinkulu zokugcina kuba ngumngeni kungakhathaliseki ukuba iindleko zeteknoloji.
Imithombo yedatha
Ulawulo lweeNkcukacha zaMandla e-US - Amanani ogcino lwebhetri kunye noqikelelo
ILebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselekayo - iFutures yeSifundo kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa
BloombergNEF - Uhlalutyo lwemarike yokugcina amandla ehlabathi
I-American Clean Power Association - intsingiselo yeendleko zebhetri kunye nedatha yokusasazwa
I-Wood Mackenzie - Uhlalutyo lokukhula kweemarike zebhetri
California Independent System Operator - Igridi data yokusebenza