Indawo yokugcina amandla eGateway eSan Diego yatshisa iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngqo ngoMeyi 2024. Ishumi elinesihlanu lamawaka ebhetri. Iintsuku ezisixhenxe zabasebenzi bomlilo bemi kufutshane, bengakwazi ukwenza okuninzi ngaphandle kokulinda kwaye babukele amadangatye adanisa kwi-15 MWh ye-lithium. Ukufika kwabaphenduli bokuqala, babengazi nokuba bajongana "nenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri," "inkqubo yokugcina amandla," okanye "ufakelo lwebhetri olumileyo"{4}}kwaye olo bhideko lwababiza imizuzu exabisekileyo yokufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iiprothokholi ezisetyenziswayo.
Ii-arhente ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zibonise izicwangciso ezintathu zokuphendula ezahlukeneyo. Omnye ulandele izikhokelo ze-NFPA 855 "yeendlela zokugcina amandla ezimileyo." Enye imimiselo echazwe yasekhaya iyibiza "Inqanaba lesi-2 lenkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri" ngokusekwe kumthamo wayo we- 600+ kWh. Uxwebhu lweziko ludweliswe njenge "BESS" ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba oku kubandakanya ntoni ngaphaya kweebhetri ngokwazo.
Le yayingeyosemantiki kuphela. Ibiyingxaki yokhuseleko yeeyure ezili-168 eye yaveza ukwaphuka kulo lonke ishishini: asinakuvuma ngale nto sithetha ngayo.
Ingxaki asikuko ukuba iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zintsha-zelithium{1}}yogcino lwegridi ye-ion ibekwe ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi. Kukuba iinkcazo ziphindaphindeke ngokukhawuleza kuneteknoloji ngokwayo. Buza "yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri" kubathathi-nxaxheba abalishumi abahlukeneyo kwaye uya kufumana iimpendulo ezilishumi ezahlukeneyo, nganye igxininisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo, imibundu, okanye imisebenzi. IEEE iyichaza ngendlela enye. NFPA 855 enye. Amagunya asekuhlaleni adala ezawo iindidi. Abavelisi bezixhobo basebenzisa isigama esahlukileyo. Ngo-2025, umphuhlisi weprojekthi e-Texas usenokusebenzisa ulwimi olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kune-fire marshal e-California ukuchaza iteknoloji efanayo.
Oku kubalulekile kuba iinkcazelo zigqiba yonke into{0}}ukusuka apho imigangatho yokhuseleko isebenza njani ukuba iiprojekthi zivunyelwa njani, zikhuselwe, kwaye ekugqibeleni, zixabisa malini. Xa i-Johnson County, i-Iowa ihlula iinkqubo ngokwahlukileyo kune-New York State, abaphuhlisi bajongana ne-maze elawulayo enokongeza iinyanga kwii-timelines kunye nezigidi kwiibhajethi. Xa amaqumrhu omgangatho engakwazi ukulungelelaniswa nokuba kugxininiswe kumalungu ebhetri, udibaniso lwesixokelelwano esipheleleyo, okanye usetyenziso lwegridi, iingceba zekhonkco lonikezelo lonke.
Ukwahluka akuqhelekanga. Ibonisa ukungavisisani kokwenyani malunga neyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu: Ngaba i-BESS ichazwa ikakhulu yikhemistri yebhetri? Ubungakanani bayo? Imeko yokusetyenziswa kwayo? Iprofayile yayo yokhuseleko? Abachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo baphendula ngokwahlukileyo, kwaye impendulo nganye ibumba iibhiliyoni kutyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo.
Kutheni iiNkcazelo zokuGcina ibhetri ziphindaphindwe endaweni yokuba ziguqulwe
Uninzi lweetekhnoloji zihlala kwiinkcazo eziqhelekileyo njengoko zikhula. Iimoto. Iikhompyutha. Iiphaneli zelanga. Kodwa iisistim zogcino lwamandla ebhetri zahlulwe zayi-14 yobuncinci yezakhelo ezicacileyo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigangatho yamaqumrhu ngo-2024, ngokutsho kwePacific Northwest National Lab kuhlalutyo lwemithetho yasekhaya.
Ukwahluka kukhokelela kwiingxabano ezintathu ezisisiseko ezakhelwe kwitekhnoloji ngokwayo.
IKhemistri ngokuchasene nomsebenzi.Ezinye iinkcazelo ziphakathi kwintoni ibhetri yenziwe ngayo-lithium{1}}iyoni, iibhetri eziqukuqelayo, isodiyam{2}}isalfure. Abanye bagxila kwinto eyenzayo-ulawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi, ukucheba okuphezulu, ukuhlanganiswa okuhlaziyekayo. Xa iingcali zoshishino zixoxa malunga nokuba yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri, le ngcinezelo ivela ngokukhawuleza: I-NFPA 855 igxininisa iimpawu zokhuseleko lomlilo kwiikhemistri ezahlukeneyo. Imigangatho ye-ISO igxile kwizakhono zokusebenza. Akukho nanye indlela engalunganga, kodwa basombulula iingxaki ezahlukeneyo, eziqhekeza indlela iinkqubo ezihlelwa ngayo, zifakwe, kwaye zilawulwe.
Umda wama-600 kWh ube ngumgca wokwahlula ngempazamo. Amagunya adinga indlela elula yokwahlula iisistim zendawo yokuhlala{2}}zesikali kwizinto eziluncedo{3}}kufakelo lwesikali, ngoko abaninzi bamkele iNFPA's 600 kWh imarker njengendawo yoqhawulo yeemfuno ezomeleziweyo zokhuseleko. Kodwa eli nani livela kwimodeli yokhuseleko lomlilo, kungekhona kuwo nawuphi na umahluko osebenzayo kwindlela iteknoloji esebenza ngayo okanye ikhonza igridi. Ngaphezulu kwe-600 kWh, iinkqubo zijongene neemfuno zokuqulatha izakhiwo, izigunyaziso zocimilo lomlilo, kunye nemigangatho yoqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Ngaphantsi kwalo mqobo, imimiselo iphumla kakhulu.
Oku kudale ukugqwetheka kweemarike. Abanye abaphuhlisi bayila iisistim ezingama-590 kWh ngokukodwa ukunqanda inqanaba elingqongqo, nokuba isixokelelwano esikhulu sinokusebenza kwiimfuno zegridi ngcono. Abanye bathi i-chemistry ibaluleke ngaphezu komthamo{3}}ukuba inkqubo ye-lithium iron phosphate eyi-1 MWh ibeka imingcipheko engaphantsi kune-400 kWh yofakelo lwe-nickel manganese cobalt. Zombini ezi zikhundla zinemfaneleko, yiyo loo nto iinkcazo zingadibananga.
Umbhalo ongatshintshiyo ngokuchasene nobuchwepheshe obuvelayo.Uninzi lwemigangatho luchaza ugcino lwebhetri olusekwe ku-2020-ingqikelelo zexesha malunga ne-lithium{2}}ulawulo lwe-ion, ezimbini{3}}ukuya{4}}zexesha leyure ezine, kwaye ngasemva{5}}i{6}}yemitha okanye into eluncedo{8}}kwizicelo zesikali. Kodwa iibhetri zesodium{11}}zingene kwintengiso ngo-2024. Itekhnoloji ye-Sliid{13} yelizwe yiminyaka emihlanu ukusuka kwisikali esiluncedo. Iibhodi zemigangatho zihlaziya kwimijikelo yeminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu. Itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili ngonyaka. I-lag echazayo idala ukungqubana okulawulekayo kanye ngalo mzuzu xa ukuqalwa kwezinto kukhawuleza.
IZiko loPhando loMbane loMbane libhale oku kuhlalutyo lwabo lwesiganeko sokungaphumeleli kuka-2024: I-19% yeeprojekthi zebhetri ezisebenzayo zifumene imbuyekezo encitshisiweyo ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokugunyaziswa kunye nemiba yokusebenza, uninzi oluvela kwimida yenkcazo engacacanga ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvunywa. Xa iNew York State Energy Research & Development Authority iphuhlisa umgaqo wabo wemodeli ngo-2020, bebengalindelanga ukuba abaphuhlisi ngo-2025 babeza kuthumela iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezidibanisa iikhemistri ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kufakelo olunye ukuze kunyuswe iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa. Iinkcazelo zangoku aziyixhasi le nyaniso.
Indima yegridi ngokuchasene ne-asethi ebonakalayo.Apha kulapho ifika intsonkothe ngokwenene. Ngaba inkqubo yokugcina ibhetri ichazwa yinto okanye yintoni na? Ufakelo lwe-100 MW / 400 MWh eKhalifoniya lunokubonelela nge-arbitrage yamandla iyure enye, ummiselo wokuphindaphindeka ngokulandelayo, kunye neenkonzo zokuhanjiswa kweyure yesithathu{3}}zonke ngaphakathi kosuku olunye lokusebenza. Yeyiphi ingcaciso esebenzayo? Le igxile kwiinkonzo zegridi? Le isekelwe kwiinkcukacha zomzimba? Lowo ubotshelelwe kwimigangatho yoqhagamshelo?
Ingxelo ye-NERC ka-2023 malunga nokungaphumeleli kokugcinwa kwebhetri iveze lo xinzelelo kabukhali. Xa impazamo eqhelekileyo-ecinyiweyo ibangele ukuba i-498 MW yomthamo webhetri ihambe ngaphandle kweintanethi, abaphandi baye basokola ukubeka ngokwezintlu ukuba ukusilela ibingumba wesixhobo sokuvelisa, inverter{4}esekelwe kwingxaki yezixhobo, okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yokugcina amandla. Ukucaciswa kwengcaciso kulibazisekile uhlalutyo lwesizathu kwaye kwacotha ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo othintelo kulo lonke ishishini.
Isiphumo esisebenzayo: iprojekthi yokugcina ibhetri kwindawo ye-MISO inokuhlelwa "njengogcino lwamandla" phantsi kwesakhelo esinye, "umthombo wamandla osasaziweyo" phantsi kwesinye, "isixhobo esisekwe kwi-inverter" phantsi kwesithathu, kunye "ne-asethi yesizukulwana" phantsi kwesine{1}}ngaxeshanye. Uluhlu ngalunye lubangela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, amalungiselelo e-inshurensi ahlukeneyo, kunye nezigunyaziso zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo.
Elona-Ixabiso Lehlabathi Lokubhideka Kwenkcazo
Iingxaki zesigama esicacileyo ziba yinto ephathekayo xa zifikelela kuqoqosho lweprojekthi. Uhlalutyo lwe-Ontario Grid luka-2024 lufumanise ukuba ukungacaci kakuhle kongeze umndilili weenyanga ezisi-8 ukuya kwezi-12 kunxibelelwano lwamaxesha onxibelelwano lweeprojekthi zebhetri, xa kuthelekiswa nesizukulwana esiqhelekileyo, ngenxa yeengxabano zokuhlela.
Qwalasela okwenzekayo kwinqanaba lemvume yasekuhlaleni. Xa iRangebank Battery Energy Storage System{1}}Shell Energy's 200 MW / 400 MWh project eVictoria{4}}yaye yavunywa, abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kwafuneka baqinisekise ukuba iyafaneleka na "njengesiseko samandla," "indawo yoshishino," okanye "ufakelo oluluncedo." Uluhlu ngalunye luqalise izithintelo ezahlukeneyo zocando, iimfuno zokubuyisela umva, kunye nemigaqo yothethwano noluntu. Iprojekthi iphumelele ekugqibeleni, kodwa iingxoxo ezifanayo zokuchaza ziye zabulala iiprojekthi ezingakwaziyo ukukhangela ukungaqiniseki.
Amasebe omlilo ajongene neyona nguqulelo iqatha yale ngxaki. I-International Association of Fire Chiefs yapapasha isikhokelo seempendulo ezingxamisekileyo kwi-2024 eyona nto iphosa izandla zayo: "Qinisekisa ukuba iziko lizibiza ngantoni, uze uwele{2}}ireferensi kunye nemigangatho esebenzayo." Abaphenduli bokuqala kufuneka bazi phakathi kwemizuzwana ukuba bajongana nemeko yokubaleka eshushu efuna imisebenzi yokuzikhusela okanye umlilo oqhelekileyo wombane oneeprothokholi zocinezelo eziqhelekileyo. Xa abasebenzi befika badibana neenkqubo ezibhalwe phantsi kweendlela ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo zokuthiywa kwamagama -"BESS," "ESS," "ugcino lwebhetri," "igridi{6}}isikali seebhetri," "ugcino lwamandla olumileyo"{7}}loo mthwalo wokuqonda ubalulekile. Ukudubula kukaMcMicken eArizona kwafundisa eso sifundo ngo-2019, kodwa abacimi-mlilo abane bahlawula ixabiso.
Ababhali abangaphantsi kwe-inshorensi baxabisa oku kungacaci ngokuthe ngqo kwiipremiyamu. Uhlalutyo lwe-Amwins Group luka-2024 lwe-inshurensi yokugcina ibhetri lufumanise ukuba ukucaciswa kwenkcazo kuhambelana ngokungafaniyo neendleko ze-inshurensi. Iiprojekthi ezinokuhlelwa okucacileyo, okusemgangathweni kuzo zonke izikhokelo zolawulo ezikhuselekileyo nge-15-20% yentlawulo ephantsi kuneeprojekthi ezifanayo ezibanjwe kwiindawo ezicacileyo ezingwevu. Isizathu: ababhali abangaphantsi abanako ngokuchanekileyo imodeli yomngcipheko kwii-asethi abangakwaziyo ukuzibeka ngokweendidi ngokuqhubekayo.
Iqhekeza lekhonkco lonikezelo kunye nemigca yenkcazo nayo. Abavelisi bebhetri bayila iimveliso ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile{1}} UL 9540, IEC 62619, UN 38.3 yothutho. Kodwa xa iinkcukacha zeprojekthi zibhekisa "iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri" ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba yeyiphi isakhelo senkcazo esisebenzayo, abavelisi bajongana nokukhetha okungenakwenzeka. Ngaba "i-BESS" ibandakanya inkqubo yokuguqula amandla? Inkqubo yolawulo lwamandla? Iziseko zolawulo lobushushu? Iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo zithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo, zinyanzela abavelisi ukuba bagqithise{7}}iinkqubo zobunjineli ukuhlangabezana nayo yonke ingcaciso enokwenzeka okanye umngcipheko wokungathotyelwa{8} kwamabango.
Umqobo wokugunyazisa utyhila indlela iinkcazo eziphindaphinda ngayo ubunzima beprojekthi. Uhlalutyo lweendleko ze-NREL luka-2024 lufumene ukuba iinkqubo zokugcina ibhetri zifuna i-15-25% yokugqithisa kakhulu kwi-akhawunti yokuthotywa kunye nokuqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zokusebenza. Kodwa "ukusebenza" kuchazwa ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke ekubeni ulungiselela:
Awona mandla aphezulu aphumayo (alinganiswa nge-MW)
Umthamo wamandla (ulinganiswa nge-MWh)
Ukujikeleza{0}}ubuchule bohambo (%)
Ubomi bomjikelo (inani lemijikelo epheleleyo elinganayo)
Ixesha lokuphendula (milliseconds)
Ubude bexesha lamandla alinganisiweyo (iiyure)
I-metric nganye ithetha uyilo lwenkqubo eyahlukileyo. Imephu yoyilo nganye kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zenkcazo. Kwaye udidi ngalunye lubangela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula. Isiphumo: iiprojekthi ezinokusebenza kwiinyanga ezili-18 zolulela kwiinyanga ezingama-30, ngelixa abaphuhlisi bajonga iilabyrinths ezichazayo ezingenanto yakwenza nokusebenza kwetekhnoloji yokwenyani.
Indlela abohlukeneyo abachaphazelekayo abachaza ngayo into ebalulekileyo
Abacimi bomlilo abakhathali ngeemegawathi. Abaqhubi begridi abanandaba nekhemistri. Ababhali be-inshurensi bakhathalela zombini kodwa balinganise ngokwahlukileyo. Ukwaphuka okuchazayo kubonisa izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka okwahlukileyo kuzo zonke iindawo zokugcina ibhetri.
Izigqeba zemigangatho zigxininisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko.Inkcazo ye-NFPA 855 ijikeleze uthintelo lokubaleka kwe-thermal, iimfuno zokwahlulahlula, kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula uqhushumbo. Umgangatho uhlela iisistim ngomthamo wamandla ewonke ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba i-metric ihambelana nesiphumo sobunzima kwiimeko zokungaphumeleli. I-10 MWh yokubaleka eshushu ikhupha amandla angaphezulu kunomnyhadala we-MWh e-1, nokuba inkqubo yenza ntoni na kwigridi. Oku kwenza ingqiqo egqibeleleyo kwimbono yokhuseleko lomlilo{6}kwaye idala ingxabano nabachaphazelekayo abacinga ukuba iimpawu zokusebenza zibaluleke kakhulu kuneyona{7}}imeko yokubalwa kokukhululwa kwamandla.
I-UL 9540 ithatha i-engile eyahluke kancinane, ichaza ugcino lwebhetri ngesixhobo{1}}sovavanyo lokhuseleko lwenqanaba. Umgangatho ukhathalele iseli-ukuya{4}}kwimodyuli{5}uku{6}}ukuxhathisa usasazo lwenkqubo. Igunyazisa iiprothokholi zovavanyo ezithile zokuvavanya i-cascade ebalekayo eshushu. Abavelisi kufuneka babonise ukuba "inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri" ingaqulatha ukusilela kwinqanaba ngalinye lokudibanisa. Le nkcazo ithatha i-BESS njengenkqubo yokhuseleko lwe-hierarchical apho inkcazo ivela kwiimpawu zokusebenza ezivavanyiweyo kunokuba zivela kwimida yamandla okanye imisebenzi yegridi.
Abaqhubi begridi bachaza ngokuthunyelwa.I-CAISO, ERCOT, MISO, PJM{0}}wonke uMsebenzi weNkqubo oZimeleyo uneenkcazo ezahlukileyo kancinci kuba igridi nganye inezidingo ezahlukeneyo. Umbuzo wokuba yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri iphendulwa ngokwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo wegridi. Kwi-ERCOT, apho ugxininiso lufutshane{3}}ixesha lokuphendula rhoqo, ugcino lwebhetri luchazwa kukukwazi ukutofa okanye ukufunxa amandla kwimizuzwana emine yokufumana umqondiso. Iinkqubo ezingakwaziyo ukukhawulelana nexesha lokuphendula azifaneleki "njengokukhawuleza -ukugcina amandla okusebenza" nokuba zithini na okanye zithini na.
I-CAISO igxininisa ubude bexesha kunye nokutshaja bhetyebhetye, ebonisa umngeni we-California wegophe ledada. Iinkcazelo zabo zahlula phakathi "kwexesha-elifutshane" (2-iiyure ezi-4), "ixesha-eliphakathi" (iiyure ezi-4-8), kunye "nexesha elide" (8+ iiyure) ukugcinwa, kuba igridi idinga izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobude bexesha elahlukileyo. Inkqubo ye-100 MW / 200 MWh (ixesha leeyure ezi-2) isebenzela umsebenzi wothungelwano ngokwesiseko owahlukileyo kunenkqubo ye-50 MW / 600 MWh (ixesha leeyure ezili-12), nangona zombini zinokusebenzisa ikhemistri yebhetri efanayo.
Olu gxininiso lusebenzayo lunengqiqo kwisicwangciso segridi kodwa kudala intloko ebuhlungu kwiiprojekthi ezifuna ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezininzi. Ufakelo oluphathekayo olufanayo lusenokufaneleka "njengogcino lwamandla" kwisicelo esinye, "umboneleli weenkonzo ezincedisayo" kwesinye, kunye "ne-asethi yothumelo" okwesithathu{1}kuxhomekeke kwindlela ethunyelwa ngayo iyure{2}}ukuya{3}}kwiyure.
Abaphuhlisi babeka phambili uqoqosho lweprojekthi.Bachaza ukugcinwa kwebhetri ngayo nayiphi na into eyenza ukuba imali ivale. Ukuba ababoneleli ngamatyala bafuna ukubona "ugcino lwamandla" luhlelwa njengee-asethi zesizukulwana ezineemodeli zengeniso eziqinisekisiweyo, yiloo nto iinkcazo ezigxininisayo kumaxwebhu emali-mboleko. Ukuba abatyali-mali berhafu bafuna iinkqubo ezihlelwe "njengepropathi yamandla" phantsi kwezikhokelo ze-IRS ukubanga iikhredithi zerhafu yotyalo-mali, iinkcazo zitshintsha ngokufanelekileyo.
I-30% yokugcina i-ITC ezimeleyo kwi-Inflation Act idale inkcazo entsha yenkcazo: ukwandisa inxalenye yeendleko zeprojekthi ezifanelekile "njengepropati yokugcina amandla" ngokubhekiselele "ibhalansi yenkqubo" okanye "ukudibanisa." Lonke ulwahlulo lwamacandelo lubalulekile xa lugqiba ukuba loo ndleko ifumana i-30% yenkxaso-mali yomanyano. Ngokukhawuleza, iinkcazo ziba zizixhobo zemali kunokuba zibe neenkcukacha zobugcisa.
Abaphuhlisi abasebenza kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo bajongana nowona mceli mngeni unzima. Inkampani yesizwe yepotfoliyo ehambisa iiprojekthi ezingama-20 kumazwe ali-10 idibana nezicwangciso ezili-10 ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa i-energy capacity thresholds. Abanye basebenzisa umthamo wamandla. Abanye bagxininisa kwi-chemistry. Abanye bagxininisa kwimeko yokusetyenziswa. Inkqubo efanayo ye-50 MW / 200 MWh ye-lithium iron phosphate ingahlelwa ngolu hlobo:
"Enkulu-ugcino lwebhetri" eOregon
"Inqanaba le-2 inkqubo yokugcina amandla" e-Iowa
"Utility{0}}isikali BESS" eTexas
"Isixhobo esikhulu sombane" eNew York
"Igridi-ufakelo logcino lwamandla" eCalifornia
Uluhlu ngalunye luza neemfuneko ezahlukeneyo zemvume, ukhuseleko, kunye neengxelo. Ukulinganisa kubo bonke obu bugqwirha kubiza imali yokwenyani{1}}umphuhlisi omnye ophambili uqikelelwa ukuba bachitha i-500,000 yeedola ngonyaka kulawulo lolawulo kuzo zonke iinguqulelo ezingangqinelaniyo.
Amagunya asekuhlaleni achaza ngokwempembelelo yoluntu.Amacandelo kunye noomasipala bakhathala kakhulu malunga nokuba kwenzeka ntoni xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle kwiiyadi zabo. Iinkcazelo zabo zigxininisa kwisayithi{1}}iinkxalabo zokhuseleko ezikhethekileyo: imigama yokubuyisela umva ukusuka kwimigca yepropathi, imida yengxolo, iimpembelelo ezibonakalayo, iiprothokholi zokusabela kwingxakeko. I-Pacific Northwest National Lab's scan's 2023 yafumana kuphela imimandla engama-59 kwilizwe lonke enemithetho ecacileyo yokugcina ibhetri{5}}kwaye loo mimandla engama-59 yenze i-43 yesikhokelo sengcaciso eyahlukeneyo.
Ezinye iindawo zaboleka imodeli yeSiteyiti saseNew York iTier 1/Tier 2, esebenzisa i600kWh threshold esuka kwiNFPA 855. Abanye baphuhlise eyabo imigangatho: 200 kWh kwezinye iindawo, 1 MWh kwezinye, 50 MWh kwezinye. Umahluko ubonisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zoluntu{8}}imimandla yasezidolophini exineneyo ifuna uqwalaselo olungqongqo kwimida yomthamo ophantsi kunemimandla yasemaphandleni enomhlaba owaneleyo.
Kodwa nanku owona mba: uninzi lwamagunya ayile iinkcazo zawo ngaphandle kokunxibelelana neendawo ezingabamelwane. Umphuhlisi ofuna ukwakha iprojekthi ye-100 MW kumgca wepropati phakathi kwemimandla emibini unokujongana neenkcazo ezingahambelani ngokupheleleyo macala omabini alo mgca. Oku akuyontelekelelo-i-Arizona yajongana ngqo nale meko ngo-2023, xa iprojekthi enqumla kwiindawo ezimbini zolawulo kwafuneka ukuba yahlulwe kabini ngokwahlukeneyo{5}}ufakelo oluchaziweyo ukwanelisa imimiselo engquzulanayo yasekuhlaleni, nangona iyindawo enye edityanisiweyo ngokwembono yokusebenza.
Apho IiNkcazo zokuGcina ibhetri zitshintshana ngokwenene
Ngaphandle koqhekeko, amandla emarike kunye{0}}nezifundo ezinzima ezifundiweyo zityhalela kulungelelwaniso oluthobekileyo kwimimandla embalwa ebalulekileyo.
I-Chemistry isiba yimbindi encinci kwiinkcazo.Imigangatho yamandulo igxininise i-lithium-iyoni ngokuchasene nokuqukuqela kwesodium{1}}isulphur kuba iikhemistri ezihlukeneyo zichaza iiprofayile zomngcipheko ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa njengoko iibhetri ze-lithium iron phosphate zibonise iimpawu zokhuseleko eziphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-nickel manganese cobalt formulations, kwaye njengeteknoloji ye-sodium- ye-ion ingene kwinkonzo yorhwebo kunye nokusebenza okufanayo, ishishini laqaphela ukuba i-chemistry iyodwa ayiqikelele iziphumo zokhuseleko. Iinkcazelo zangoku zigxininisa ngakumbi iimpawu zokusebenza ezivavanyiweyo{5}}ukuxhathisa ukusasazwa kwe-thermal, ixesha lokuphendula, ubomi bomjikelezo phantsi kweemeko ezithile{6}}kunohlobo lwebhetri kuphela.
Imigangatho ehlaziyiweyo yokugcina amandla ye-IEC, elindeleke ukuba igqitywe ngo-2026, ibonisa olu tshintsho. Iinkcazo zoyilo lwereferensi "yokugcinwa kwamandla e-electrochemical" njengodidi olubanzi, emva koko ichaze iimfuno zokusebenza ezizimeleyo kwiikhemistri ezithile. Oku kuvumela ubugcisa obutsha ukuba bufanelekele iindlela ezimiselweyo zolawulo ngaphandle kokufuna amaqumrhu asemgangathweni ukuba aqhubeke nokuhlaziya uluhlu lweentlobo zebhetri ezivunyiweyo.
Umyinge wama-600 kWh uyaqina ube yindibano.Ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yayo engaqondakaliyo, eli nani lifumene ukwamkelwa okwaneleyo ukuba ukulwa nalo kudala iingxaki ezingaphezulu kunokwamkela. Ngaphezulu kwe-75% yemimandla yase-US enemimiselo yokugcina ibhetri isebenzisa enye eyahlukileyo ye-600 kWh yekhefu lomthamo kwiimfuno ezongeziweyo zokhuseleko. Kwanemimandla eqale yakhetha imida eyahlukeneyo ifudukela kuma-600 kWh ukuze ihambelane ne-NFPA 855 kunye nemimandla eselumelwaneni. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike baziqhelanise{9} nabavelisi ngoku babonelela nge-590 kWh kunye ne-610 kWh
iimodeli njengemveliso eqhelekileyo, ukwazi ezi mephu kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zolawulo.
Ubude bexesha kukudibanisa umthamo njengesiseko senkcazo.Ingqwalasela yokuba inkqubo ye-100 MW / 200 MWh (iiyure ezi-2) inikezela ngeemfuno zegridi ezahlukeneyo ngokwesiseko kunenkqubo ye-50 MW / 600 MWh (iiyure ezili-12) iqhuba izikhokelo ezitsha zenkcazo eziphendula zombini amandla kunye nomthamo wamandla. Amaxwebhu ocwangciso lwegridi yaseCalifornia ka-2024 abeka ngokucacileyo ugcino ngokwamaqela obude bexesha, kunye nezinye ii-ISO zilandela ngokufanelekileyo. Le nkcazelo-yemilinganiselo emibini ibamba ngcono eyona xabiso legridi kunye neempawu zokusebenza.
Umyalelo we-FERC we-841 wokuthatha inxaxheba kogcino lwamandla kwiimarike ezithe kratya zatyhala le nguquko. Ngokufuna ii-ISOs ukuba ziphuhlise imifuziselo yentatho-nxaxheba ethatha ixesha elide, umyalelo ugunyazise ngokufanelekileyo ukuba iinkcazelo "zesixhobo sogcino lwamandla" zibandakanye zombini amandla (MW) kunye nomthamo wamandla (MWh) njengeeparamitha ezahlukileyo. Ngoku, xa abaphuhlisi bengenisa izicelo zoqhagamshelo, kufuneka bachaze zombini ii-metrics, kwaye ii-ISO zihlele ngokufanelekileyo.
Imeko yokusetyenziswa yahlula kwinkcazo ye-asethi.Ngokunyukayo, imigangatho iyahlula phakathi kwenkqubo yokugcina ibhetriyi(iinkcukacha zezinto eziphathekayo) ngokuchasene nokuba yintoni nayenza(iinkonzo zegridi zinikezelwe). Oku kuvumela ukufakela okufanayo ukuba ube nenkcazo ye-asethi ezinzileyo ngelixa unikezela ngeenkonzo ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Ukucaciswa kwengcaciso kunceda kuyo yonke into ukusuka kubhalo lwaphantsi lwe-inshurensi ukuya kwizivumelwano zoqhagamshelo ukuya kuhlelo lwerhafu.
Lo mkhwa ubonisa indlela izivumelwano zoqhagamshelo ezakhiwe ngayo. Iikhontrakthi zanamhlanje zePPA ngoku ziqhele ukwahlula amacandelo "e-Asset Definition" (echaza umthamo, ikhemistri, iimpawu zokuphendula, kunye neziqinisekiso zokhuseleko) ukusuka kumacandelo "IiNkonzo zeNkcazo" (inkcazo ye-arbitrage yamandla, ukubonelela ngezakhono, iinkonzo ezincedisayo, kunye neminye imithombo yengeniso). Inkqubo efanayo yomzimba inokutshintsha phakathi kwamatyala okusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokubangela ukuhlengahlengiswa kwenkcazo, okuphucula ukuguquguquka kokusebenza.
IDefinitional Framework yokuGcina ibhetri
Ishishini alizukudibana kwinkcazelo enye jikelele-ubuchwepheshe busebenza imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa singaseka ubuninzi be-isakhelo senkcazo esanelisa iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zabachaphazelekayo ngaphandle kokuqhekeza imarike. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri kufuna ukuvuma le mibono emininzi esemthethweni ngelixa udala umhlaba oqhelekileyo wonxibelelwano.
Uluhlu 1: Iinkcukacha zezinto eziphathekayo.Yonke inkqubo yogcino lwebhetri kufuneka ichazwe ngokweseti esemgangathweni yeeparamitha zobugcisa ezichaza ukuba yintoni na, ngaphandle kwento eyenzayo:
Umthamo wamandla uwonke (MWh okanye kWh)
Elona qondo liphezulu lamandla aqhubekayo (MW okanye kW)
Ukukhutshwa kwexesha kumandla alinganisiweyo (iiyure)
Udidi lwekhemistri yebhetri (i-lithium-iyoni [chaza i-sub{1}}uhlobo], ukuhamba, isodiyam{2}}iyoni, njl.)
Izatifikethi zokhuseleko (UL 9540, UL 9540A, IEC 62619, njl.)
Ubume bomzimba (isikhongozelo, isakhiwo-esixhonyiweyo, ngaphantsi komhlaba, njl.njl.)
Ezi parameters kufuneka zisebenzise iiyunithi ezifanayo kunye nemigangatho yokulinganisa kuyo yonke imimandla. Xa umphuhlisi echaza "i-50 MW / 200 MWh inkqubo yokugcina ibhetri ye-lithium ye-phosphate kunye nesatifikethi se-UL 9540," nabani na kushishino -i-fire marshal, umsebenzisi wegridi, i-inshurensi engaphantsi, okanye umboneleli wezixhobo{5} uyazi kakuhle ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ngokwasemzimbeni.
Uluhlu lwesi-2: Imilinganiselo yolwahlulo olumiselweyo.Amagunya anokusebenzisa iinkqubo zawo zokulinganisa ngaphezulu kwesiseko senkcazo yomzimba:
Inqanaba lokhuseleko (ngokusekwe kumthamo wamandla:<600 kWh, 600 kWh to 20 MWh, >20 MWh)
Udidi loqhagamshelo (usasazo{0}}luqhagamshelwe<20 MW, transmission-connected >20 MW)
Ukuhlelwa kwendawo (ngasemva-kwe{1}}imitha, phambi{2}}kwe{3}}yemitha, izimele)
Kodwa olu lwalekayo lulawulayo lufanele lubhekiselele kwinkcazelo efanayo esisiseko evela kuLuhlu 1. Oku kuvumela amagunya ukugcina ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwasekuhlaleni kwiimfuno zemvume kunye nokhuseleko ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuba abaphuhlisi beprojekthi bangakwazi ukunxibelelana nemigaqo ngolwimi olufanayo kwimizila karhulumente.
Uluhlu 3: Iinkcazelo zenkonzo yokusebenza.Indlela inkqubo ethatha inxaxheba ngayo kwiimarike ichazwa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-asethi ebonakalayo:
Imijelo yengeniso yokuqala (i-arbitrage yamandla, umthamo, ukulawulwa ngamaza, njl.njl.)
Iimpawu zokusebenza (ixesha lokuphendula, izinga lerempu, ubude bexesha lokubaleka)
Ukuhanjiswa bhetyebhetye (ISO{0}elawulwayo, -icwangcisiwe, ingxubevange)
Imifuziselo yentatho-nxaxheba (imalike yeholesale, iikhontrakthi zamazwe amabini, ngasemva-kwe{1}}yokulusebenzisa imitha)
Olu lwaleko lwenze ukuba kube kho ukufakela okubonakalayo okufanayo ukunika iinkonzo ezininzi ngaxeshanye ngaphandle kokubhideka kwengcaciso. Inkqubo ye-100 MW / 400 MWh igcina inkcazo yayo ebonakalayo ngelixa ithatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zolawulo lwamaxesha amaninzi (uMaleko 3) njengothumelo{4}}i-asethi eqhagamshelweyo (Uluhlu lwesi-2) ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokhuseleko lweSigaba 2 (kwakunye noMaleko 2).
Imithetho ye-Cross{0}} yokuhambelana.Isakhelo sisebenza kuphela ukuba iileya zidibanisa ngokwengqiqo. Imigaqo ephambili:
Iimpawu zomaleko woku-1 kufuneka zilinganiseke kwaye zingqinwe kusetyenziswa iiprothokholi zovavanyo olusemgangathweni
Ukuhlelwa koMaleko wesi-2 kufuneka kubhekiselwe kwiparamitha yoLuleko lwe-1 kusetyenziswa imiqobo engaguqukiyo
Umaleko wesi-3 iinkcazo zokusebenza kufuneka ziphunyezwe ngokobuchwephesha kunikwe iimpawu zoLuleko loku-1
Utshintsho kulo naliphi na umaleko akufuneki lufune ukuchazwa kwakhona kolunye umaleko ngaphandle kokuba amandla omzimba atshintshile
Le ndlela ifana nendlela ushishino lonxibelelwano oluphatha ngayo ulwabiwo lwe-spectrum-unamabhendi efrikhwensi kanomathotholo (uMaleko 1), ulwahlulo olulawulayo losetyenziso olwahlukeneyo (Uluhlu lwesi-2), kunye nophumezo lwenkonzo ethile (Uluhlu lwesi-3), zonke zinxulumene ngokudibeneyo kodwa zicaciswa ngokwahlukeneyo.
Kutheni Ukufumana iiNkcazelo eziLungileyo kubalulekile kule minyaka ilishumi izayo
Umthamo wogcino lwebhetri yehlabathi kuqikelelwa ukuba uya kufikelela kwi-500 GW / 1,400 GWh ngo-2030, ukusuka kuqikelelo lwe-50 GW / 130 GWh olumiselwe ukuphela kuka-2024. Olo kukhula kwe-10x kwenzeka kwiminyaka emithandathu nje. Ukuba ulwahlulo oluchazayo luyaqhubeka ngokwamazinga angoku, ukungquzulana okusemthethweni kukodwa kunokucothisa ukusasazwa ngeenyanga ezili-12-ezili-18 ngeprojekthi nganye-ukuguqula ubuchwephesha obuguqulayo bube bubugwenxa bolawulo.
Iingxaki zihamba ngaphaya kwexesha leprojekthi. Ugcino lwebhetri lusembindini wegrid decarbonization. Yonke imegawathi ehlaziyekayo ecuthekayo ngenxa yokuba ugcino alunakusasazwa ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo lumele isityalo sefosili esihlala sisebenza. I-Carlifonia icuthe i-2.6 yezigidi ze-MWh zokwenziwa ngokutsha ngo-2023 ngenxa yogcino olungonelanga{5}}oko kwanele ukunika amandla amakhaya angama-350,000 unyaka wonke. Okunye oko kucuthwa kubonisa imiqobo yothumelo, kodwa ukulibaziseka kokulawula kuthintela iiprojekthi zokugcina ukuba zingene kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze zifunxe intsalela yamandla acocekileyo.
Uphuculo lokhuseleko lukwaxhomekeke ekucaceni kwengcaciso. Xa i-EPRI ihlalutya izehlo zokungaphumeleli ukuchonga izizathu ezisisiseko kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokunciphisa, iinkcazo ezingahambelaniyo kuzo zonke iiprojekthi zenza ukuqondwa kwepateni phantse akunakwenzeka. Ngaba ukusilela kube ngenxa yekhemistri yebhetri, umgangatho wokudityaniswa kwenkqubo, izenzo zokusebenza, okanye iimeko zokusingqongileyo? Awunakuphendula loo mbuzo ukuba i-19% yeeprojekthi zisebenzisa izikhokelo zenkcazo ezahlukeneyo ezigxininisa iiparamitha ezahlukeneyo. Iinkcazo ezicacileyo, ezihambelanayo zenza ukuba kuqokelelwe idatha engcono, eyenza uhlalutyo olungcono lokhuseleko, olusindisa ubomi.
Ukhuphiswano olusakhulayo phakathi kwabavelisi bebhetri base-US nabaseTshayina longeza ukungxamiseka. I-China ivelisa i-70% yomthamo wokugcina ibhetri yehlabathi kwaye isemgangathweni kwiinkcazo ezigxininisa ukuveliswa kokuveliswa kunye nokuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba abaphuhlisi base-US bachitha i-12-iinyanga ezili-18 ezongeziweyo bejonga ukuntsokotha komgaqo wochazo xa kuthelekiswa nabakhuphisana baseTshayina abangena kwiimarike zelizwe lesithathu, oko kulibazisa kudityaniswa kukungabikho kokhuphiswano oluzinzileyo. Ezinye izizwe ezamkela imigangatho yokuchazwa kweTshayina kuba zivumela ukuphunyezwa kweprojekthi ngokukhawuleza kuya kuqhekeza amakhonkco obonelelo lwehlabathi ngakumbi.
Ubungakanani beendleko zezemali kunye nengcaciso ecacileyo. Izavenge ze-inshorensi, imiqathango yamatyala, kunye nezabelo zamashishini ezingenanzala emisiweyo zibuyisela onke amaxabiso ekungaqiniseni kommiselo. Uhlalutyo luka-2024 olwenziwa yi-Gresham House, oyena mphathi we-asethi omkhulu wogcino lwebhetri e-UK, wafumanisa ukuba ingcaciso ecacileyo kwiikhontrakthi kunye nezatifikethi zihambelana nama-60{9}}80 amanqaku asisiseko semimiselo engcono yenkxaso-mali. Ukutyhubela i-150 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kugcino lwebhetri oluqikelelweyo ngo-2030, loo mahluko ufikelela kwi-900 yezigidi zeedola ukuya kwi-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiindleko ezongezelelweyo zenkunzi-imali enokuxhasa ngezimali i-3-5 GW eyongezelelweyo yokuthunyelwa ukuba izikhokelo zolawulo zidibene.
Itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iinkcazo zinokugcina isantya. Iibhetri zesodium -zeioni zifikelelwe kurhwebo ngo-2024. Iibhetri zombuso eziqinileyo -ziyi-3{6}}iminyaka emi-5 ukusuka kwisikali soncedo. Iibhetri zomoya zentsimbi -zinokungena kwiimarike ngo-2028. Iinkqubo zeHybrid ezidibanisa iikhemistri ezininzi kufakelo olunye sele zisebenza. Ukuba imibutho yemigangatho ilindele iteknoloji entsha ukuseka irekhodi leminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuhlaziya iinkcazo, i-lag yokulawula iya kulandelela ngokusisigxina ukutsha kwiminyaka emi-5-10. Ayinakwenzeka loo nto.
Into efunekayo asiyonkcazelo enye yendalo yonke, kodwa sisikhokelo esivumela ukwahluka okusemthethweni ngelixa kusekwa umhlaba omnye. Iimashali zomlilo kufuneka ziqhubeke zigxininisa imilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Abaqhubi begridi kufuneka bahlale begxile kubuchule bokusebenza. Kodwa wonke umntu kufuneka abhekisele kwiinkcukacha ezifanayo zomzimba xa echaza ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo. Inokwenzeka loo nto. Oko kuyenzeka. Kwaye oko kubalulekile ukuze utshintsho lwamandla luqhubeke ngokwesantya sozinzo lwemozulu olufunekayo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Kutheni le nto iinkcazo zenkqubo yogcino lwamandla ebhetri zahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile?
Iinkcazo ziyahluka ngenxa yokuba abachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo babeka phambili iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe. Amagosa okhuseleko lomlilo agxininisa imiqobo yamandla ombane kunye nemingcipheko yokubaleka kwe-thermal. Abaqhubi begridi bagxininisa kwimveliso yamandla kunye namaxesha okuphendula. Amagunya engingqi akhathalele isayithi{3}}impembelelo ezithile ezifana nokusilela kunye nengxolo. Ukusukela oko ugcino lwebhetri lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi kuzo zonke iindawo ezilawulayo, idomeyini nganye iphuhlise iinkcazo ezilungiselelwe iinkxalabo zazo ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa ukunqumla imida. I-600 kWh threshold yavela kumzekelo wokhuseleko lomlilo kwi-NFPA 855 kodwa yaba ngumgangatho wede facto owamkelwa ngamanye amagunya{8}}nangona ingekho jikelele. I-Pacific Northwest National Lab ifumene i-59 yolawulo lwase-US kunye nemimiselo yokugcina ibhetri isebenzisa i-43 yesikhokelo senkcazo eyahlukeneyo ukususela ngo-2023.
Ukwahluka kwenkcazo kuchaphazela njani iindleko zeprojekthi kunye namaxesha?
Ukungacaci kwenkcazo yongeza i-8-iinyanga ezili-12 kumaxesha amisiweyo eprojekthi ngokungqinelana nohlalutyo lwe-Ontario Grid luka-2024, ngokuyintloko ngeenkqubo zemvume ezandisiweyo kunye neengxabano zokuhlela ezilawulayo. Iiprojekthi ezibanjelwe kwimimandla engwevu zihlawula i-15-20% yezavenge zeinshorensi eziphezulu kuneeprojekthi ezicazululwe ngokucacileyo ngokwedatha yeQela le-Amwins. Abaphuhlisi abasebenza kumazwe amaninzi baqikelela ukuchitha i-500,000 yeedola ngonyaka ukukhangela iinkcazelo ezingahambelaniyo. Iikhompawundi zeendleko kulo lonke ikhonkco lexabiso{11}}abavelisi abanako ukubeka emgangathweni imveliso xa "inkqubo yogcino lwamandla ebhetri" ithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo, kunyanzelwa nokuba kubunjineli obungaphezulu ukuhlangabezana nako konke utoliko olunokwenzeka okanye uyilo oluthe ngqo lwemarike oluncama uqoqosho lwesikali.
Ziziphi iziganeko zokhuseleko eziye zavela kwiinkcazelo zokugcinwa kwebhetri ezingacacanga?
Umlilo we-Gateway Energy Storage eSan Diego (ngoMeyi 2024) uveze ukudideka okuchazayo xa ii-arhente eziphendulayo zifika zineeprothokholi eziphikisanayo ezisekelwe kwiinkqubo zokuhlela ezahlukeneyo. Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwaseMcMicken e-Arizona (ngo-Epreli ka-2019) olonzakalisa abacimi-mlilo abane lwenzeka ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba umyalelo wesiganeko uye wasokola ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo zokuphendula ezisetyenziswayo kwiziko. Uhlalutyo lwe-NERC luka-2023 lwesiganeko sohambo lwe-498 MW esibangelwa yimpazamo eqhelekileyo{6}}ecinyiweyo yafumanisa ukuba abaphandi abakhange bavume ekuqaleni ukuba bayihlele njengokusilela kwesixhobo sokuvelisa, inverter{7}}esekelwe kumba wemithombo, okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yokugcina amandla{8}}ukulibazisa uhlalutyo lonobangela kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo othintelo. Ezi ziganeko azizange zenzekengokubayokubhideka kwengcaciso, kodwa ukubhideka kuntsonkothile impendulo kaxakeka kunye -nohlalutyo lwesiganeko sesithuba.
Ngaba iinkcazelo zogcino lwebhetri zamazwe ngamazwe zisemgangathweni ngakumbi kuneenkcazelo zase-US?
Akunjalo. Imigangatho ye-IEC ibonelela ngezikhokelo zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuyahluka ngokwelizwe. Amazwe aseYurophu abhekisa kwimigangatho ye-EN eyahluke ngandlel' ithile kwiinkcukacha ze-IEC. I-China inemigangatho yayo ye-GB / T yokugcina amandla egxininisa ukuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso. I-Australia iphuhlise imigangatho ye-AS / NZS ethile kwiimpawu zabo zegridi. IBhanki yeHlabathi iphawule kwizikhokelo zayo zika-2021 zePPP zokugcinwa kwebhetri ukuba ukungangqinelani kwenkcazo kubonisa umqobo obalulekileyo weprojekthi yezemali kumazwe asaphuhlayo, ngokungabikho kwesigama esisemgangathweni esinzima uvavanyo lomngcipheko kunye nokubhalwa phantsi kwe-inshurensi. Ishishini lifuna izikhokelo zemigangatho emininzi ezivumela ukwahluka kwengingqi ngelixa ligcina iziseko zobugcisa ezifanayo{7}}ezifana nolawulo lwe-spektrum yonxibelelwano.
Ngaba ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokukhula komthwalo ukusuka kumaziko edatha kuya kutshintsha indlela ugcino lwebhetri oluchazwa ngayo?
Ewe, ngokwenene. Amaziko eenkcukacha afuna ukuthembeka okungama-24/7 kunye noxinano lwamandla amakhulu aqhuba imfuno yexesha elide-ugcino (iyure ezi-8-iiyure ezili-12 ngokuchasene ne-2-iyure ezi-4 ezisemgangathweni) kunye neenkqubo ezixubeneyo ezidibanisa iikhemistri ezininzi zebhetri ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Amaziko oqeqesho lwe-AI afuna ngokukodwa iibhetri{11}eziphakamileyo{11}eziphezulu{11}zexesha lolawulo lwamaza kunye neenkqubo zexesha elide ukwenzela amandla okugcina. Oku kutyhalela iinkcazo ezisingise kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ezithatha umthamo wamandla (MW), umthamo wamandla (MWh), kunye nobude bexesha (iiyure) njengeeparamitha ezahlukileyo endaweni yokufumana ubude bexesha kwezinye ezimbini. Abaqhubi begridi baqala ukuhlela ukugcinwa "ngamabhanti exesha" kunokuba baphathe zonke iisistim njengezisebenza ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zingakhupha ixesha elingakanani kumandla alinganisiweyo.
Kwenzeka ntoni kwiiprojekthi zangoku ukuba iinkcazo zitshintsha kakhulu?
Iiprojekthi ezikhoyo zidla ngokukhula phantsi kweenkcazo ezisebenzayo xa zifumene iimvume kunye nezivumelwano zoqhagamshelo. Kodwa ukuguqulwa kokusebenza, ukongezwa kwamandla, okanye utshintsho kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kunokubangela ukuhlelwa kwakhona phantsi kwemigangatho emitsha. Oku kudala ukruthakruthwano phakathi kokwandisa ixabiso le-asethi ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ebhetyebhetye ngokuchasene nokwahlulwa kokuhlelwa ngokutsha okunokuthi kubeke iimfuno ezintsha. Okukhona iinkcazo zitshintsha rhoqo ngaphandle kwamagatya acacileyo enguqu, kokukhona umngcipheko omkhulu wotyalo-mali lothotyelo lolawulo oluxineneyo. Phambili-izivumelwano zeprojekthi ezijonge phambili ngoku ziquka "iinkcazo eziguquguqukayo" amagatya achaza ukuba i-asethi iya kuhlelwa njani ukuba imigangatho iyavela-enyanisweni kwixesha elizayo{{6}izivumelwano zobungqina ezichasene notshintsho lwengcaciso ngelixa kugcinwe ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yangoku.
Ishishini lingaqhubela njani kulungelelwaniso olungcono lwenkcazo?
Indlela eya phambili ibandakanya iinzame ezintathu ezifanayo: (1) Imibutho yemigangatho efana ne-NFPA, i-IEEE, kunye ne-IEC elungelelanisa kwiinkcukacha zomzimba ezingundoqo ezenza isiseko esifanayo ngelixa ivumela ukwaleka kolawulo kwizicelo ezithile; (2) Imibutho yorhwebo efana ne-American Clean Power kunye ne-Energy Storage Association ikhuthaza ukwamkelwa ngokuzithandela kwesigama esisemgangathweni kuzo zonke iinkampani ezingamalungu; kunye (3) Isikhokelo somanyano nge-DOE kunye ne-FERC siseka izikhokelo zenkcazo ezikhethiweyo zeeprojekthi ezifumana inkxaso-mali yomanyano okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zamazwe. Umthetho wemodeli kwinqanaba likarhulumente unceda{4}}imodeli yommiselo yaseNew York ka-2020 yamkelwa ngolawulo oluninzi kwaye yenze ubuncinci ukuhambelana kwengingqi. Kodwa ukudibana kokugqibela kufuna ukuba abathabathi-nxaxheba bemarike bakhethe iinkcazelo ezisemgangathweni naxa imimiselo ingazigunyazisi, kuba iinzuzo zokusebenza zonxibelelwano olucacileyo zodlula naziphi na iingenelo zexesha elifutshane ukusuka kwi-arbitrage enenkcazo.
Amanyathelo Alandelayo: Ukujonga iNgcaciso yeNgcaciso yangoku
Iinkcazelo zogcino lwebhetri zizakuqhubeka nokuvela{0}}oko kuqinisekisiwe. Itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ukuba izikhokelo zolawulo zihlale "zifikelele" ngokupheleleyo kuyo nayiphi na ingqiqo esisigxina. Kodwa abaphuhlisi beprojekthi, abaqhubi, kunye nabachaphazelekayo abafuni umanyano olucacileyo olugqibeleleyo ukwenza inkqubela. Bafuna izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kobunzima bangoku ngelixa betyhalela ekudibaneni okuthobekileyo. Impendulo ethi "yintoni inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri" inokwahluka ngokomxholo, kodwa olo tshintsho lunokulawulwa kunokuba lususwe.
Kubaphuhlisi:Yakha iiprojekthi usebenzisa -indlela yokuchaza umaleko nokuba ngaba abalawuli abayifuni. Amaxwebhu ee-asethi eziphathekayo (Uluhlu 1) oluzimeleyo kuhlelo olulawulayo (Uluhlu 2) kunye neenkonzo zokusebenza (Uluhlu 3). Oku kwenza ukuvumela iincoko zicace ngakumbi, kunciphisa ukungaqondani kunye nababoneleli bezixhobo, kwaye imise iiprojekthi ukulungelelanisa ukuba iinkcazo ziyatshintsha. Sebenzisa eyona nkcazelo ingqongqo xa kukho ukungafihlisi{7}}ixabisa kakhulu kwasekuqaleni kodwa unqanda ukubuyisela kwakhona ukuba utoliko luyaqina.
Kwimimandla:Phambi kokuyila imithetho emitsha yokugcina ibhetri, nxibelelanisa nemimandla engabamelwane kwaye uphonononge ukuba zeziphi iinkcazo zemimandla ekufutshane ezamkelweyo. Ukuboleka izikhokelo ezisekiweyo-nezingafezekanga{2}}zibetha ekudaleni iinkcazo ezinoveli ngokupheleleyo eziqhekeza iimarike ngakumbi. Isikhokelo seNASEO sika-Agasti 2024 somgaqo-nkqubo wogcino lwamandla karhulumente sibonelela ngeetemplates ezigqwesileyo. Kodwa nokuba usebenzisa ezi templates, cacisa ukuba yeyiphi imigangatho yangaphandle oyibhekisayo (NFPA 855, UL 9540, njl.) endaweni yokudala ulwimi oluhambelanayo lolawulo.
Kumaziko asemgangathweni:Ukukhawulezisa ulungelelwaniso kuyo yonke i-IEEE, NFPA, IEC, kunye ne-ISO kwiinkcazelo ezingundoqo zepharamitha. Ishishini linokwamkela ukwahluka kwiimfuno zokhuseleko, iiprothokholi zovavanyo, kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza ukuba nje sivumelana kwiinkcukacha ezisisiseko ezifana nokulinganisa umthamo, amandla, ubude kunye nexesha lokuphendula. Papasha iindawo ezinqamlezileyo ezibonisa ukuba imigangatho eyahlukeneyo inxulumana njani enye-xa i-NFPA 855 ibhekisa "inkqubo yogcino lwamandla emileyo" kunye ne-IEC 62619 ixoxa "ngeeseli zesibini zezicelo zoshishino," zicacisa ukuba zichaza into enye.
Umlilo weGateway utshise iintsuku ezisixhenxe, kodwa izifundo eziphuma kweso siganeko zisanwenwa kweli shishini. Yonke iprojekthi ehamba ngokuvumela ifundisa abalawuli into entsha malunga nokuba zeziphi iinkcazo ezisebenzayo kwaye zeziphi ezidala ingxabano. Lonke ibango le-inshorensi licokisa iimodeli ze-underwriting. Yonke ingxabano yoqhagamshelo ityhala abaqhubi begridi ukuba bacacise iinkqubo zabo zokuhlela. Ukubhideka okuchazayo akuzukuphela ngobusuku nje obunye, kodwa kuyaguquka kancinane ukusuka kwisiphithiphithi ukuya kwisiphithiphithi esisebenzisekayo{4}}hayi umgangatho ogqibeleleyo, kodwa ulungile ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela isikali sobuchwephesha ngesantya esisidingayo.
Ukugcinwa kwebhetri kunokubonelela ngokuguquguquka kweegridi zanamhlanje ezidinga ukudibanisa amandla avuselelekayo, ukugcina ukuthembeka kwimozulu embi, kunye nokuxhasa ukufakwa kombane kwisikali. Kodwa kuphela ukuba sinokuvumelana kule nto sithetha ngayo ngokwaneleyo ukuba siyithumele ngokukhawuleza kunokuba i-bureaucracy inokucothisa. Iinkcazo ziya kuhlala zivela. Ilungile. Okubalulekileyo kukuba ziguqukela ekusebenzisaneni endaweni yokuqhekeka ngakumbi.
Inguqu yamandla ayifuni sigama sigqibeleleyo. Ifuna isigama esilungileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuhambisa iiprojekthi ngemibhobho yokuvunywa kwiinyanga ezili-18 endaweni yama-36. Kuhle ngokwaneleyo ukuba abacimi-mlilo bayazi ukuba baphendula ntoni xa befumana umnxeba. Oko kuyenzeka. Siyafika apho. Kwaye qho ngenyanga yenkcazelo yenkqubela phambili idibanisa kwigigawatt{7}}iiyure zogcino ezibekwe apho ifuneka khona kakhulu.
Izixhobo ezingundoqo
I-NFPA 855: Umgangatho woFakelo lweeNkqubo zokuGcina amandla okuSimayo (uhlelo luka-2023)
I-UL 9540: Umgangatho weeNkqubo zokuGcinwa kwamandla kunye neZixhobo
I-Pacific Northwest National Lab: Isishwankathelo seMibonelelo yoGcino lwaMandla kwiMimiselo yeNgingqi (Okthobha 2023)
I-EPRI: I-BESS Failure Database kunye ne-Root Cause Analysis (2024)
I-NERC: Ukusilela kuGcino lweBetri kunye ne-Inverter{0}}Esekwe kwiNdlela yokuSebenza kweZixhobo (2023)
I-DOE: Ukuphunyezwa kweQhinga loKhuseleko lokuGcinwa kwamandla (kuTshazimpuzi ka-2024)