Ngaba izinto ezingalunganga zomgangatho wegridi weenkqubo zokugcina amandla zikhona?
Xa sithetha ngamandla avuselelekayo, kuhlala kukho le ndlovu kwigumbi ekubonakala ngathi wonke umntu uyadanisa - kwindawo yokugcina. Ugcino lwamandla egridi luvakala luqaqambile ephepheni, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo luyimfuneko ukuba siza kwenza umsebenzi womoya kunye nelanga ngokwesikali. Kodwa izinto ezingeloncedo zenqanaba legridi yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla zifumba ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba ugrumbe udlule iincwadana zentengiso kunye nenkxaso karhulumente.
Into yokuqala ekubethayo lixabiso. Ayiyiyo inkcitho yemali yangaphambili, -emanzisa amehlo ngokwaneleyo, kodwa iindleko zokusebenza ezigcina imali yokopha unyaka nonyaka. Thatha i-Hornsdale Power Reserve eMzantsi Australia - iprojekthi enkulu yebhetri kaTesla ukusuka kwi-2017 wonke umntu othanda ukuyichaza njengebali lempumelelo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iyazinzisa igridi ngexesha lemisitho yamaza, kodwa inkqubo ye-150 MW / 194 MWh ixabisa malunga ne-90 yezigidi zeedola ze-AUD (www.abc.net.au). Oko kusebenza into enje nge $600,000 nge megawatt{15}}ngeyure yomthamo wokugcina. Kwinkqubo ethoba umjikelo ngamnye wentlawulo.
Iibhetri zeLithium- zeion, ezilawula igridi yokugcina imarike ngoku, ziphulukana ne-2-3% yomthamo wazo minyaka le ngenxa yokuguga kwekhalenda, nokuba awuzisebenzisi kakhulu. Emva koko kukho ukuthotywa komjikelo ngaphezulu koko. Uninzi lweenkqubo zebhetri zorhwebo ziqinisekisiwe malunga ne-80% umthamo emva kweminyaka eli-10, okuthetha ukuba uhlawulela ugcino oluthi lumka kancinci lube ngumphunga. Uqoqosho lwenza ingqiqo kuphela kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa ezifana nommiselo ophindaphindiweyo apho ufumana intlawulo yepremiyamu ngamaxesha okuphendula ama-millisecond.
Iinkxalabo zokhuseleko azifumani ngqalelo ngokwaneleyo. Wonke umntu ukhumbula xa indawo yebhetri yeMoss Landing eCarlifonia yatsha ngo-2021. Yayiyi-300 MW / 1,200 MWh ufakelo - yenye yezona zikhulu zehlabathi ngeloxesha - kwaye kwafuneka ivalwe iinyanga. Yaphinda yatsha kwakhona ngo-2022 (www.energy{10}}storage.news). Le ayingomlilo omncinci wasekhitshini sithetha ngawo. I-Lithium{14}}iziganeko zokubaleka kwe-ion thermal zinzima kakhulu ukucima nokukhupha iigesi eziyityhefu. Isebe lomlilo kufuneka liyiyeke izitshise ngelixa ligcina yonke enye into ekubambeni.
ICalifornia ibifakela ugcino lwebhetri njengokuphambana, kodwa bangena kule ngxaki isisiseko apho iibhetri zinokukhutshwa kuphela malunga neeyure ezi-4 kumandla alinganisiweyo. Kulungile ukutsheva okuphezulu kwangokuhlwa xa ilanga lisihla, kodwa aloncedo kwiziganeko zemozulu ezininzi{2} zeentsuku okanye ukwahluka kwamaxesha onyaka. Uzakufuna 50-100 amaxesha amaninzi ogcino ukuze ulawule amaxesha amafu eveki yonke ebusika, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uqoqosho oluthandabuzayo lube bubudenge ngokupheleleyo.
Makhe ndikujulele amanani obugcisa. Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo-sesikali se-lithium{2}}inkqubo yebhetri ye-ion inomjikelo{3}}uhambo olusebenzayo olumalunga ne-85-}90%, ivakala inesidima ude uqonde ukuba yi-10{12}}15% yamandla akho aphelayo ebushushwini. Kwi-100 MWh nganye oyigcinayo, ufumana kuphela i85-90 MWh. Thelekisa oko ukumpontshelwa hydro ugcino 70-80% ukusebenza kakuhle - ewe kusezantsi, kodwa hydro pumped unako ukugcina amandla iinyanga ngaphandle ilahleko ebalulekileyo, ngelixa iibhetri self-discharge malunga 1-3% ngenyanga.
Icala lokusingqongileyo liya limdaka nalo. I-lithium yokwembiwa, i-cobalt, i-nickel - ayizonkqubo ezicocekileyo. Kukho le ngxelo ka-2020 ebonisa ukuba ukuveliswa kweebhetri kuvelisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ebalulekileyo, kwindawo ethile kuluhlu lwe-60-150 kg CO2 nge-kWh yomthamo webhetri ngokuxhomekeke kumxube wamandla osetyenziswa kwimveliso. Ukuba igridi yakho isasebenza emalahleni ngelixa usakha ugcino lwebhetri, ususa nje ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni endaweni yokuyisusa.
Emva koko kukho ingxaki yokubonelela ngempahla. Sele sibona amaxabiso e-lithium enyuka, kwaye loo nto yayiphambi kwerempu enkulu{1}}phezulu kwimveliso ye-EV. Ukugcinwa kwegridi kunye nezithuthi zombane zikhuphisana ngezixhobo zebhetri ezifanayo, kwaye akukho mveliso yaneleyo yokwanelisa zombini iimarike kwizikali ezixoxwayo. Abanye abahlalutyi baqikelela ukunqongophala kwe-lithium ngo-2025 okanye ngo-2026. Sinethamsanqa lokwakha ii-terawatt{6}}iiyure zokugcina xa ungakwazi ukufumana imathiriyeli.
Iibhetri eziqukuqelayo zihlala zinyuswa njengesisombululo, kodwa “zisele zikufuphi nekona” amashumi eminyaka ngoku. Uxinaniso lwamandla luyoyikeka - ibhetri yokuhambahamba kwevanadium ilawula malunga ne-20{3}}30 Wh/kg xa kuthelekiswa ne-lithium{7}}yeyon 200+ Wh/kg. Oko kuthetha ukuba iitanki ezinkulu zesisombululo se-electrolyte, imibhobho emininzi inokuvuza, iimpompo ezisebenzisa amandla kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa. Kwaye ngaphandle kwazo zonke izithembiso, isiseko esifakiweyo sokuhamba kweebhetri kwihlabathi sisencinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-lithium-ion. Mhlawumbi kukho isizathu sokuba.
I-Pumped hydro yenza malunga ne-95% yogcino lwegridi yehlabathi ngoku, kodwa awukwazi nje ukuyakha naphi na. Udinga ijografi echanekileyo - amadama amabini amakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuphakama, ngokukodwa kufutshane neziseko zothumelo. Imvume yokusingqongileyo iyodwa ithatha iminyaka. Xa iPasifiki yeGesi kunye noMbane iphakamisa indawo yokupompa amanzi eCalifornia mva nje, bebejonge kwi-8-10 iminyaka nje yokuvumela kunye nezifundo zokusingqongileyo ngaphambi kokuqhekeka komhlaba. Kwaye loo nto ithatha ukuba akukho matyala avela kumaqela okusingqongileyo axhalabileyo malunga neendawo ezihlala iintlanzi.
Imingeni yokudityaniswa kwegridi ifanele ingxoxo yayo. Ukongeza inani elikhulu lokugcinwa kufuna ukuphuculwa kweenguqu, iinkqubo zokukhusela, iziseko zokulawula. Asiyoplagi{2}}kwaye{3}}yadlala. Xa iibhetri ziphuma ngokukhawuleza, zinokwenza imiba yomgangatho wamandla - ukuhla kwamandla ombane, ukuphazamiseka kwe-harmonic. Igridi ayizange iyilelwe amawaka eesixokelelwano zebhetri ezisasaziweyo zonke zitshaja kwaye zikhupha isiqingatha{7}}ngokungaqhelekanga ngokusekelwe kwimveliso yelanga kunye nexesha{8}}lokusebenzisa{9}imiqondiso yamaxabiso.
Umqhubi wegridi we-CAISO waseCalifornia kuye kwafuneka aphuhlise imithetho emitsha yeemarike kunye neenkqubo zokubhida ukuze kugcinwe indawo yokugcina, kwaye basacinga ngayo. Ukugcinwa kunokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimarike zamandla, iimarike zamandla, iimarike zeenkonzo ezincedisayo - kodwa imigaqo iyahluka kulawulo ngalunye kwaye ihlala itshintsha. Oko kungaqiniseki kokulawula kwenza kube nzima ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi kuba abatyali-mali abazi ukuba yeyiphi ingeniso abanokuyithemba.
Kukwakho lenkukhu ingaqhelekanga{0}}kunye{1}} nengxaki yeqanda ngogcino kunye nokubekwa ngokutsha kwamandla. Udinga ukugcinwa okungaphezulu ukuze unike amandla okuphinda uhlaziywe, kodwa ukugcinwa kuyabiza, okwenza inkqubo edibeneyo ibize kakhulu, ecotha ukuthunyelwa okunokuhlaziywa. IJamani ifumanise oku ngobunzima - bafakele izixa ezikhulu zelanga nomoya kodwa akukho phantse ngokwaneleyo ugcino, baphela sele becutha isizukulwana esihlaziyekayo xa imveliso ingaphaya kwemfuno, okanye iqhumisa amaziko ezinto zamafutha efosili xa umoya ungavuthuzi.
Umba wobomi undikhathaza ngakumbi kunezinye izinto ezininzi. Iziko lamandla erhasi yendalo lingasebenza iminyaka engama-30-40 ngokulungiswa rhoqo. Izibonelelo ze-hydro ezimponsiweyo zihlala iminyaka eyi-50-100. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion? Ujonge kwi-10-15 iminyaka ngaphambi kokutshintshwa, mhlawumbi i-20 ukuba ungumntwana kwaye ungahlawulisi ngokupheleleyo / ukhuphe. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukutshintshwa kofakelo lwebhetri lulonke amaxesha amaninzi kubomi beepaneli zelanga okanye iiinjini zomoya ekumele ukuba bazixhase. Iindleko zomjikelo wobomi azidibani kakuhle.
Kwaye andikangeni nakwiimfuno zokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ufakelo lwebhetri ludinga indawo ebalulekileyo,{1}izakhiwo ezilawulwa yimozulu{1}, iinkqubo zocimo lomlilo, ucingo lokhuseleko. Indawo yebhetri ye-100 MWh inokuthatha iihektare ezininzi. Phindaphinda-phinda oko ngamakhulu okanye amawaka amaziko anjalo afunekayo kwigridi enzulu{5}}yogcino lwesikali kwaye uthetha ngomhlaba omninzi. Kwiindawo ezinje ngeJapan okanye eSingapore apho umhlaba ukwixabiso eliphezulu, oku kuba ngumqobo omkhulu.
Ke ngaba izinto ezingeloncedo zomgangatho wegridi weenkqubo zokugcina amandla zikhona? Ewe, bayayenza ngokupheleleyo. Oko akuthethi ukuba ukugcinwa akuyomfuneko okanye ukuba akufanele siyakhe. Kodwa ukuzenza ngathi imiceli mngeni ayikho okanye baya kuzisombulula ngokwazo ngomlingo ngenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo nokuba nethemba bubudenge. Ezi ziingxaki zokwenyani zobunjineli, ezoqoqosho, kunye nesayensi yezinto ezifuna izisombululo zokwenyani, hayi nje i-cheerleading.