Ibhetri yombane ophezulu yokugcina amandla inciphisa ezinye iindleko ngelixa inyusa ezinye. Iisistim zithoba iindleko ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, ukucutha iimfuno zeekhebhuli, kunye nexesha elide lokuphila, kodwa zifuna utyalo-mali lwangaphambili oluphezulu kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri kunye namacandelo okhuseleko.
I-Advantage ngokuSebenzayo koGcino lwaMandla oMbane oMmandla
Ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ombane aphezulu lutshintsha ngokusisiseko indlela amandla ahamba ngayo kwiinkqubo zokugcina. Ubudlelwane phakathi kombane, amandla ombane, kunye nekhoyo ngoku kuthetha ukuba ukuphinda-phinda ivoltheji kunqumle umsinga ube sisiqingatha kwimveliso yamandla efanayo. I-low current iguqulela ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni ilahleko ezichasayo kubaqhubi kunye nokudibanisa.
Imilinganiselo yamva nje esebenzayo ibonisa le nzuzo ekusebenzeni. Iisistim zamandla ombane aphezulu ezisebenza ngaphezulu kwe-400V ziphumelela{2}}uhambo lokuya nokubuya malunga ne-90%, xa kuthelekiswa nama-85% kulungiselelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-48V. Kwisixokelelwano sogcino lwamandla ekhaya ngebhayisekile esi-8 kWh yonke imihla, le 5% yenzuzo esebenzayo yonga malunga ne-146 kWh ngonyaka. Ikalelwe kulungiselelo lofakelo losetyenziso lwe megawatt{11}}iiyure, lo mahluko wepesenti udibanisa kugcino olusebenzayo.
Inkqubo yoguqulo ngokwayo iba lula ngakumbi. Iibhetri zamandla ombane aphantsi zifuna ii-inverters zehlise umbane we-DC kwiiphaneli zelanga{1}}ngokwesiqhelo ngu-360-}500V-ukuze zithelekise ibhanki yebhetri eyi-48V. Oku kuguqulwa kwamandla ombane kuchitha amandla njengobushushu. Iibhetri zamandla ombane aphezulu zisebenza kufutshane noluhlu lwamandla ombane endalo e-inverter, ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ilahleko yoguqulo olusezantsi.
UkuNcitshiswa kweNdleko yeziSeko zoPhuhliso
Iimfuno zangoku-eziqhubayo zemilo yenkqubo ixabisa ngeendlela ezingabonakali ngokukhawuleza. Ibhetri yombane ophezulu wogcino lwamandla esebenza kwi-400-}600V inokusebenzisa iintambo ezine-30-50% indawo encinci enqamlezayo kunofakelo olulinganayo lombane ophantsi. Kwinkqubo yokuhlala ye-10 kWh, oku kuguqulela kwi-$ 200-400 kwiindleko zobhedu ezincitshisiweyo. Ufakelo lwentengiso lubona ugcino olukhulu ngokulinganayo.
Ngaphaya kwee-conductor ngokwabo, iziseko zoncedo ezixhasayo ziyacutheka. Izaphuli zesekethe, iifuse, kunye noqhawulo lokutshintsha izikali ezinomthamo wangoku. Inkqubo ye-48V enikezela nge-5 kW itsala ngaphezulu kwe-100 amps, ifuna izinto ezinzima-zomsebenzi. Amandla afanayo kwi-400V afuna kuphela i-amps ye-12.5, evumela izixhobo zokukhusela ezilula kunye nexabiso eliphantsi.
Ukufakela umsebenzi kuyancipha ngokunjalo. Iintambo ezibhityileyo kulula ukuzihambisa kwi-conduit kwaye zifuna indawo encinci ebonakalayo kwiindawo ezivaliweyo zezixhobo. Abanye abafakeli banika ingxelo ye-15-20% yamaxesha ofakelo olukhawulezayo kwiinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neebhanki zamandla ombane aphantsi ahambelana nomthamo olinganayo.
INyaniso yoTyalo-mali oluPhambili
Ezi zibonelelo zokusebenza ziza neendleko eziphezulu zokuqala. Iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri yamandla ombane aphezulu kufuneka zibeke iliso kwaye zilungelelanise iiseli kuzo zonke iintambo zothotho, zizisa ubunzima obuthi kuthintelwe ulungelelwaniso lombane oluphantsi olunxuseneyo. I-BMS yenkqubo ye-400V ngokuqhelekileyo ixabisa i-$ 800-1,200 ngaphezu kwe-48V elinganayo.
Iimfuno zokhuseleko zinyukela ngaphezulu kwe-60V DC, apho uninzi lweekhowudi zombane zilubeka njengomgangatho wombane oyingozi. Iindawo ezivaliweyo zamandla ombane aphezulu zifuna ukugqunyelelwa okongeziweyo, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokubeka phantsi komhlaba, kunye nezitshixo zokhuseleko. Ufakelo lobuchwephesha luba lunyanzeliso kunokuba lukhethe, longeza i-$ 1,500-3,000 kwiiprojekthi zokuhlala.
Iibhetri ngokwazo ziyalela amaxabiso eprimiyamu. Idatha yemarike yangoku ibonisa iinkqubo zombane ophezulu ukusuka kwi-$ 450-600 nge-kWh nganye, ngelixa iimveliso ezivuthiweyo ze-48V zithengisa i-$ 250-350 nge-kWh nganye. Kwinkqubo ye-kWh ye-10, oku kubonisa i-$ 2,000-2,500 yexabiso lentengo ekuthengeni.
Ubomi bezoQoqosho
Iipateni zokuthotywa kwebhetri zithanda ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ombane aphezulu ngaphezulu kwamaxesha awandisiweyo. Intlawulo egudileyo{1}}igophe zokukhupha uphawu loluhlu lwezicwangciso zeseli zehlisa uxinzelelo kwiiseli nganye. Ukuveliswa kwe-thermal kuncipha ngokulinganayo kunye nokuhamba okuphantsi kwangoku, kwaye ukuguga kwebhetri kukhawuleza ngokuvezwa kobushushu.
Idatha yendawo evela kufakelo lwendawo yokuhlala ibonisa ukuba ibhetri yombane ophezulu wokugcinwa kwamandla usebenzisa i-lithium iron phosphate igcina umthamo we-80% emva kwemijikelo ye-6,000-8,000, xa kuthelekiswa nemijikelo ye-4,000-5,000 yoyilo lombane ophantsi olinganayo. Ukuguqulela oku kubomi bokusebenza, inkqubo yamandla ombane aphezulu eyenza umjikelo omnye yonke imihla kufuneka isebenze ngokufanelekileyo iminyaka eyi-16-22 xa ithelekiswa neminyaka eyi-11-14 kwezinye iindlela zombane ophantsi.
Lo mahluko wobomi obude utshintsha ixabiso lilonke lokubalwa kobunini. Ngelixa inkqubo yombane ephezulu ixabisa i-$2,000-2,500 ngaphezulu ekuqaleni, ukuphepha ukutshintshwa kwebhetri enye kubomi benkqubo kusindisa i-$4,000-6,000 kwiindleko ezizayo. Ixesha elongeziweyo lokusebenza likwakhupha ixabiso elithe kratya kutyalo-mali lokuqala lweziseko ezingundoqo.
Ukugcinwa kwebhetri yeVoltage ePhezulu: Ukulinganisa iMiba ebalulekileyo
I-equation yeendleko itshintsha ngokumangalisayo ngobungakanani benkqubo. Ufakelo lwendawo yokuhlala ye-10-15 kWh ibona ugcino olungephi ukusuka kuyilo lwamandla ombane aphezulu, oluhlala lufuna iminyaka emi-5-7 ukubuyisela iprimiyamu ngeenzuzo ezisebenzayo kunye nobomi obandisiweyo. Isindululo sexabiso somelela kakhulu kwizicelo zorhwebo nakwizinga eliluncedo.
Ufakelo lwentengiso oluyi-1 MWh olusebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwamandla ombane aphezulu longa malunga ne-50,000-80,000 yeedola kwi-cabling kunye neziseko zombane xa kuthelekiswa noyilo lombane ophantsi. Uphuculo olusebenzayo luvelisa i-50-75 MWh yamandla ongezelelweyo asebenzisekayo ngonyaka. Kumaxabiso ombane orhwebo axabisa i-$0.12-0.15 nge-kWh nganye, oku kubonisa i-6,000-11,000 yeedola ekulondolozweni konyaka.
Izinto eziluncedo-iiprojekthi zesikali ezisebenza kuluhlu- lwemegawathi ezininzi zibona izibonelelo ezingakumbi. I-100 MWh indawo yokugcina igridi esebenzisa i-1,000V+ iinkqubo inokunciphisa ibhalansi{7}}ye{8}}yeendleko zenkqubo ngama-20-25% xa kuthelekiswa nolungelelwaniso lwe-48V. Xa iiprojekthi zesikali ziphuma, umahluko wepesenti uguqulela kwizigidi kugcino lweendleko ezinkulu.
Iindleko zokusebenza ezifihlakeleyo
Iimfuno zogcino zazisa iindleko eziqhubekayo ezohluka ngokwezakhiwo zombane. Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zivelisa ubushushu obuncinci, zehlisa iindleko zokupholisa kunye nokwandisa ubomi beqondo lobushushu{1}}izinto ezinobuzaza. Nangona kunjalo, amagcisa aqeqeshiweyo ayalela amaxabiso aphezulu omsebenzi kwizixhobo zombane ophezulu, kunye nezixhobo zokuxilonga ezikhethekileyo zongeza kulungiso oluphezulu.
Ukubeka iliso kunye nesoftware yolawulo kudla ngokuxabisa i-$300-800 ngonyaka kwiinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$100-300 yokuseta umbane ophantsi olula. Idatha yegranular cell-level data enikeziweyo ithethelela le premium kwizicelo apho ukunyusa umgangatho wentsebenzo ubalulekile ngokwemali.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwe-inshurensi ngamanye amaxesha kukhetha iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu ngenxa yeempawu zokhuseleko oluphezulu kunye nokubeka iliso, nangona oku kohluka ngokwamandla kunye ne-inshurensi. Olunye ufakelo lwentengiso lunika ingxelo ye-5-10% yezavenge zeinshorensi esezantsi kwiinkqubo ezinesiqinisekiso sokuthotyelwa kokhuseleko lombane ophezulu.
URhwebo lweModularity{0}}Luvaliwe
Iibhetri zamandla ombane aphantsi ziyagqwesa ekwandisweni okongeziweyo. Ukongeza umthamo kufuna nje ukudibanisa enye intambo ehambelanayo, rhoqo inkqubo ethe ngqo yabanikazi bezindlu banokulawula. Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zifuna ubunjineli obunononophelo ngakumbi xa usanda, njengoko ukongeza umthamo woluhlu kuchaphazela amanqanaba ombane kuyo yonke inkqubo.
Lo mahluko ubalulekile kubasebenzisi abangaqinisekanga ngeemfuno zexesha elizayo. Umninimzi oqala nge-10 kWh usenokufuna i-20 kWh kamva. Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphantsi zithatha oku ngokongezwa kweemodyuli. Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zihlala zifuna ukuyilwa kowona mthamo uphezulu ulindelweyo ukusuka ekuqaleni, nokuba ayizizo zonke iimodyuli ezithengwayo ekuqaleni.
Kusetyenziso olusekiweyo lwentengiso eneemfuno -ezichazwe kakuhle zamandla, oku kucutha akubalulekanga kancinci. Indawo yokugcina impahla eneprofayili yomthwalo oqikelelwayo inobungakanani benkqubo yombane ophezulu ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka ekuhanjisweni, ukunqanda iprimiyamu yokumodareyitha.
Uguqulo lweMarike yangoku
Amaxabiso ebhetri ehle kakhulu kule minyaka yamva nje, atshintsha kakhulu ixabiso-lokubalo lokunciphisa. Idatha ye-BloombergNEF ibonisa amaxabiso enkqubo yokugcinwa kwamandla okuphakathi kwehle i-40% ukusuka kwi-2023 ukuya kwi-2024, ifikelela kwi-$ 165 nge-kWh kwiinkqubo ze-turnkey. Okona kwehla kumandla kubonakale kwiimarike ezinomlinganiselo ophezulu wokwenziwa kwemveliso, ngakumbi i-China, apho amaxabiso ehle ngaphantsi kwe-$100 ngekWh nganye.
Oku kuncitshiswa kweendleko ngokukhawuleza kuchaphazela iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ipremiyamu yazo kukhetho lwamandla ombane aphantsi ihlala ingaguquguquki ngokwemigaqo ecacileyo ngelixa ipesenti yepesenteji isanda. Intlawulo ye-$200 nge-kWh nganye imele i-50% yeendleko ezongezelelweyo xa iibhetri zithengiswa nge-400 yeedola nge-kWh nganye, kodwa igqithe i-100% eyongezelelweyo kumaxabiso akhoyo e-$165 nge-kWh.
Uqikelelo lweshishini lucebisa ukwehla kweendleko eziqhubekayo ngo-2030, kunye neenkqubo ze-lithium{1}}ezinokufikelela kwi-80-100 yeedola nge-kWh nganye. Njengoko umgangatho weendleko osisiseko usondela kwiprimiyamu yeempawu zamandla ombane aphezulu, umahluko wepesenti weendleko unokuzinza okanye ude wehle ukuba ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane aphezulu kufezekisa uqoqosho lwesikali esifanayo.
Isicelo-Iimpendulo ezithe ngqo
Indawo yokuhlala yelanga{0}}kunye{1}}nendawo yokugcina imele eyona meko yosetyenziso ingaqondakaliyo. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nobomi obude beenkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zikhuphisana neendleko ezisezantsi zangaphambili kunye ne-DIY-indalo enobubele ye-48V ezizezinye. Kubanikazi bezindlu abaceba ukuhlala emakhayeni abo 10+ iminyaka kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga{7}}, ibhetri yombane ophezulu wogcino lwamandla idla ngokuphuma kakuhle. Abo bafuna elona xabiso liphantsi langaphambili okanye ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kofakelo bahlala bekhetha amandla ombane aphantsi.
Izicelo zorhwebo ezineendleko eziphezulu zombane zibona izibonelelo ezicacileyo. Amashishini ahlawula i-$0.15-0.25 nge-kWh nganye kwaye asebenzisa 50+ i-kWh yogcino ngokuqhelekileyo afumana iipremiyamu zamandla ombane aphezulu kwisithuba seminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5 ngokufumana impumelelo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwentlawulo yemfuno. Imfuno yofakelo lobuchwephesha ayibalulekanga kangako kuba iiprojekthi zorhwebo azifane zibandakanye ukufakelwa kwe-DIY nokuba ithini na amandla ombane.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye negrid{0}}iiprojekthi zesikali phantse jikelele zamkela ulwakhiwo lombane ophezulu. Kwisikali-seemegawathi ezininzi, ukongiwa kweendleko zeziseko ezingundoqo kulawula isigqibo. Iiprojekthi ezikolu didi zisebenzisa amandla ombane we-1,000V okanye ngaphezulu, ngokufuthi ukunyuka ukuya kumbane ophakathi (12-35 kV) kuqhagamshelwano lwegridi. Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwesi sikali kunokudlula i-5-7% xa kuthelekiswa nokuphunyezwa kwe-hypothetical low voltage.
Izinto zeTekhnoloji ezisakhulayo
-Iibhetri zelizwe ezikuphuhliso okwangoku zithembisa ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokhuseleko oluphuculweyo, okunokuthi kucuthwe ukhuseleko-intlawulo yeendleko ezinxulumene neenkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu. Ezi bhetri zisebenza kumandla ombane aphezulu ngokwendalo, nto leyo enokwenza amandla ombane aphezulu abe luyilo olusisiseko endaweni yokhetho lweprimiyamu.
Iisistim zolawulo lwebhetri ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu zisebenzisa i-AI{0}}usetyenziso oluqhutywayo zicutha umsantsa wokusebenza phakathi kolungelelwaniso lombane. Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini zinokukhupha umthamo othe kratya kunye nobomi kwiibhanki zamandla ombane aphantsi anxuseneyo, nangona izibonelelo zombane ezisisiseko zombane ophezulu zihlala zihleli.
Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwi-nickel manganese cobalt ukuya kwikhemistry ye-lithium iron phosphate kwindawo yokugcina emileyo ichaphazela i-voltage equation. Iiseli ze-LFP zine-voltage ephantsi ye-nominal (3.2V versus 3.7V), efuna iiseli ezininzi kuthotho lwe-voltage yenkqubo enikiweyo. Oku kwandisa ubunzima be-BMS kancinane kodwa kuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nobomi, izinto ezihambelana kakuhle nolwakhiwo lombane ophezulu.
Okwesibini -Iingqwalasela zoBomi
Ukuhlaziya iibhetri zemoto zombane ukuze zigcinwe kwindawo emileyo kudala isifundo esinomdla. Iibhetri ze-EV ziyilwe njengepakethe zamandla ombane aphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo ama-400-}800V) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kweemoto. Ukuzisebenzisa kwizicelo zobomi besibini kuthintela isidingo sokuyila ngokutsha i-architecture yombane.
I-Redwood Materials kunye nezinye iinkampani ezithumela-iibhetri zobomi ze-EV zesibini kwisikali segridi ziyazuza kwiibhetri esele zinemfuneko yolungiselelo lwamandla ombane aphezulu kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko. Ngelixa ezi bhetri zithotyiwe umthamo, uyilo lwazo lwamandla ombane aphezulu lulungela usetyenziso logcino olumileyo kakuhle. Ixabiso lexabiso livela ekufumaneni iibhetri ezingaphantsi kwamaxabiso amatsha ebhetri kunokusuka kubume bombane ngokwawo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ngaba amandla ombane aphezulu ahlala ethetha ukusebenza kakuhle?
Amandla ombane aphezulu anciphisa ilahleko exhathisayo ngokulinganayo, kodwa ukusebenza kakuhle kuzuza ithafa ngaphezulu kwemida ethile. Iisistim ezisebenza ku-400-800V zithatha ezona nzuzo zikhoyo ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwe-1,000V izivuno ezinciphisa imbuyekezo kuninzi lwezicelo, nangona usetyenziso{6}}iiprojekthi zesikali zisenokuxhamla kumbane ukuya kwiikhilovolti ezininzi xa zidibana neegridi zevoltage ephakathi.
Ngaba ndingaphucula inkqubo yombane ophantsi ukuya kumbane ophezulu kamva?
Ukulungiswa kwakhona kolwakhiwo lombane aluyondleko-esebenzayo. I-inverter, i-BMS, iintambo, kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko zonke zingumbane -zingqale. Ukuphucula kudla ngokubiza ngaphezulu kokwahluko phakathi kweenkqubo ezithengiweyo zintsha. Ukucwangcisela iimfuno zamandla ekugqibeleni phambi kofakelo lokuqala kuthintela lo mba.
Ngaba iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu ziyingozi ngakumbi?
Zombini iisistim zinokuba yingozi xa zifakwe ngokungafanelekanga okanye zigcinwe. Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu ngaphezulu kwe-60V DC zineemfuno zekhowudi ezingqongqo kunye nesigunyaziso sofakelo lobuchwephesha kwiindawo ezininzi. Xa iyilwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokhuseleko oludityanisiweyo olufanelekileyo, ukwahlukaniswa, kunye nokubekwa phantsi, iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo. Imfuneko yofakelo lobuchwephesha ngokwenene iyanciphisa umngcipheko ngokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kweekhowudi zombane.
Singakanani isithuba esifunwa ziinkqubo zombane ezahlukeneyo?
Iinkqubo zamandla ombane aphezulu zixinene ngakumbi kumthamo olinganayo. Iimfuno ezincitshisiweyo zangoku zivumela abaqhubi abancinci kunye namacandelo. Isixokelelwano samandla ombane aphezulu angama-50 kWh sinokuthatha i-15-20% yesithuba esingaphantsi kunombane ophantsi olinganayo ngenxa yeentambo ezincinci kunye noyilo lwecandelo olusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Kwizicelo zokuhlala, zombini zifanelekile kwigaraji okanye ufakelo olusezantsi. Umahluko wendawo ubaluleke ngakumbi kwiindawo zorhwebo.
UVavanyo lweeNdleko eziSixazululi
Ibhetri yombane ophezulu wogcino lwamandla inciphisa iindleko ngokukhethayo endaweni yendalo yonke. Iinkqubo zibonelela ngogcino olunentsingiselo kwizicelo apho iinzuzo ezisebenzayo kunye nokunciphisa iziseko zoncedo ukodlula utyalo-mali lwangaphambili. Iiprojekthi zorhwebo kunye neluncedo{2}}ezinomthamo ophezulu kunye nexesha elide lokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo lixhamla kakhulu. Usetyenziso lwendawo yokuhlala lubonisa uqoqosho oluncomekayo ikakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu ezisebenza ixesha elide.
Ixabiso lokuqala elihla ngokukhawuleza lokugcina ibhetri litshintsha iequation rhoqo. Yintoni eyenza ingqiqo kwezoqoqosho kwi-400 yeedola kwi-kWh isenokungabi kwi-$150 ngekWh nganye. Njengoko ishishini likhula kwaye imveliso yamandla ombane aphezulu inyuka, iprimiyamu yezi nkqubo inokwehla, ibenze bakhuphisane kuzo zonke izicelo.
Izakhiwo zeendleko zangoku zithanda ibhetri yombane ophezulu kugcino lwamandla angaphezu kwama-20-30 kWh kunye nobomi obulindelekileyo bokusebenza obungaphaya kweminyaka eli-10. Iinkqubo ezincinci kunye nezicelo ezineemfuno zexesha elizayo ezingaqinisekanga zihlala zifumana ixabiso elingcono kwezinye iindlela zombane ophantsi. Isigqibo sifuna ukuhlalutya iipatheni ezithile zokusetyenziswa, iindleko zombane, inkuthazo ekhoyo, kunye nezicwangciso zokwandisa kunokusebenzisa umgaqo wendalo yonke.